Demolition Man :: essays research papers

"Demolition Man"     "Demolition Man" is an action/science fiction plastic film staring Sylvester Stallone as a police officer named John Spartan, Wesley Snipes as a criminal named Simon Phoenix, and Sandra Bullock as an SAPD officer named Lenina Huxley. The movie begins in the grade 1996 in the "out of control" city of Los Angeles. The city is out of control. John Spartan arrests Simon Phoenix for a hostage situation, but the hostages are killed and Spartan is aerated with their murders. Both men are then sent to a prison where they are to be frozen until their release. In 2023 when Phoenix is thawed out for his parole hearing he kills some prison officers and then he escapes. Because of Phoenixs actions Spartan is thawed out in order to recapture Phoenix. After Spartan is released he teams up with Lenina Huxley.     Spartan and Phoenix pay back been frozen for 36 years. When they are released the city has changed dramatically, it is now a computerized society called San Angeles. In the city of San Angeles there is no chaos, everything is controlled and in complete harmony. In San Angeles everything that is harmful to people is illegal. Smoking, drinking, salt, caffeine, spicy foods, meat, and contact sports have been banned. This computerized society can keep track of every citizen because they all have a microchip in their bodies and there are cameras on every corner. There are fines for cursing and dirty jokes. The music that the citizens in San Angeles listen to is mercenary tunes. Taco Bell is the only restaurant because of the franchise war. San Angeles has a lot of control of its citizens. There is rarely any physical contact, the clothing is bland and it covers up most of the body. Fluid transfer is illegal so women have to go to a clinic and be tested in order to get pregnant.     The people who go away not obey the strict rules of San Angeles live underground i n tunnels and sewers. They are called Scraps or Hooligans. The tunnels and sewers are very dirty, smelly and crowded. The Scraps are against the rules of San Angeles because they touch sensation they take their freedom of choice. The Scraps drink alcohol, eat meat, and curse freely. Because of their behaviors and beliefs the Scraps are seen as outcasts from the rest of society and they are left to fend for themselves.

Investigating for Cations and Anions :: Papers

Investigating for Cations and Anions In this experiment I will investigate what cations and anions are present in various compounds. This will embarrass carrying out a qualitative analysis, because I need to find out what type of cations and anions are there and not quantitative analysis, which includes finding out how some(prenominal) of each element there is. Safety Points Wear glasses Wear gloves Do not mix more than two solutions Only mix the solutions listed by the teacher Handle the chemicals with extreme care Put the chemical solutions into a test-tube which is resting on a test-tube holder Follow school lab safety procedures. Materials dissimilar chemicals. Test tubes. Boiling tubes. Pipettes. Test tube holder. Bench mat. Method I first copied the chemical solutions listed. I put on some gloves and safety glasses. I got a test-tube holder and placed five test-tubes in it. Cations I added the test solut ions Copper Chloride to the test-tube. To this I added a a few(prenominal) drops of sodium Hydroxide solution. After the few drops a pale blue precipitate of Copper Hydroxide appeared that indicated the presence of Cu ions. I then added the test solution Iron Chloride to the second test-tube. To this I added a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide. After that a brown precipitate of Iron Hydroxide appeared that indicated the presence of Fe ions. To the 3rd test-tube, I added the solution Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and added Dilute Sodium Hydroxide. I quickly covered the test-tube with a delivery tube and put the end of it into another test-tube with limewater. The limewater turned a cloudy/milky colour which indicated that there was CO present. Anions In the 4th test-tube, I poured the solution Copper Chloride into the test-tube.

Patriarchy in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay -- Jane Austen

Patriarchy in Jane Austens Sense and SensibilityDespite the fact that Jane Austen has become what Julian North describes as a conservative icon in popular culture signified by her depictions of traditional class and gender hierarchies, sexual propriety and Christian values, the refreshful _Sense and Sensibility_ provides, if not a feminist perspective, a feminist discourse lacking in Emma Thompsons film version (North 38). In this essay, I attempt to argue briefly that the novel, which initially seems to uphold cultural norms of sexuality and does little to question womens subaltern position, can be read to bring down the patriarchy and especially male-controlled courtship rituals. Next I seek to demonstrate how the films adaptation by Emma Thompson undermines its own feminist intentions to become some other late 20th-century romantic-comedy prescribing a happy marriage to an attractive and wealthy man as a cure-all for the single womans woes (Giddings 11). Ironically the novel _Sense and Sensibility_, which many critics consider embodying the paradigm of conservative Georgian literature, appears staunchly, if graciously, countercultural in comparison to its 20th-century film adaptation. twain features of the novel can clearly be identified as providing a feminist perspective the discourse between sense and sensibility which presents contrasting but complementary strands of female temperament and the sisterly bond that provides the Dashwood women with a self-sustaining, if only temporary, method of resistance to an ineluctably encroaching patriarchy. Often linked to post-revolutionary ideological tumult, the triumph of sense over sensibility in the novel has spurred critics to differentiate it both as a reactionary vi... ... Novel The Theory and Practice of Literary Dramatization_. New York St. Martins Press, 1990.Kaplan, Deborah. Mass Marketing Jane Austen Men, Women, and Courtship in Two Film Adaptations. _Jane Austen in Hollywood_, ed. Linda Troost and Sayre Greenfield. Lexington U of Ky. P, 2001.North, Julian. Conservative Austen, Radical Austen Sense and Sensibility from Text to Screen. _Adaptations from Text to Screen, Screen to Text_, ed. Deborah Cardwell and Imelda Whelehan. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1999._Sense and Senibility_. Dir. Ang Lee. Perf. Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, Kate Winslett. 1995.Whelehan, Imelda. Adaptations The Contemporary Dilemmas. _Adaptations from Text to Screen, Screen to Text_, ed. Deborah Cardwell and Imelda Whelehan. London Routledge, 1999.

The Nursing Shortage Essays -- Nurse Medical Medicine Health 2014

Table of ContentsThe Problem2The Causes of the Nursing Shortage2The Impact of the Nursing Shortage5Current Federal law6Alternatives8Recommendations9Works Cited11The ProblemCurrent literature continues to reiterate the indicators of a major shortage of registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. The integral RN population has been increasing since 1980, which means that we have more RNs in this country than ever before (Nursing Shortage). Even though the RN population is increasing, it is increase at a much slower rate then when compared to the rate of growth of the U.S. population (Nursing Shortage). We are seeing less skilled nurses at a time of an increasingly aging population with complex care needs and an increasingly complex technological care environment (Mion). According to recent information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Department of Health and charitable Services, it is estimated that more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed over th e close decade (Diagnosis Critical). A chronic nursing shortage has been a reoccurring problem that impacts the future of our health care system and, even more so, the future feature of long-term care in this country. Currently, there are several federal and state initiatives, organizations, and agencies dedicated to solutions of the shortage. However, we continue to lack the necessary number of RNs needed to pose quality care to a population with growing health care demands.The Causes of the Nursing ShortageThere are several factors that are considered the causes of the nursing shortage. belles-lettres suggests that the shortage is linked to factors related to current population trends and the nature of the health care e... ...rvey.htm.Spetz, Joanne, and Sara Adams. How Can Employment-Based Benefits Help the Nurse Shortage? Health Affairs 25 (Jan.-Feb. 2006) 212-218. ProQuest . Ithaca Coll. Lib., Ithaca, NY. 10 Dec. 2012. . State Legislative Initiatives to Address the Nursin g Shortage. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Oct. 2006. 11 Dec. 2012 . Toward a Method for Identifying Facilities and Communities with Shortages of Nurses. Health Resourses and Services Administration. 2004. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 5 Dec. 2012 . What Works Healing the Healthcare Staffing Shortage. Modern Healthcare 37.29 (July 2007). ABI/INFORM. ProQuest. Ithaca Coll. Lib., Ithaca, NY. 2 Dec. 2007.

The Lost Generation in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises   The book The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway is a perfect example of what life was like after the war. It was about unrealistic love of a young Lady Brett Ashley, and the post war adventures of Jake Barnes and his friends. In an age of moral bankruptcy, spiritual dissolution, unrealized love, and vanishing illusion, this is the lost generation, and that is exactly what Hemmingway writes about in The Sun Also Rises.   Jake Barnes lived a real casual life style. He is a writer that goes out with his buddies almost every night, and drinks. Oh Jake, Brett said, we could have had such a damned good time together. His only true desire is a Lady Brett Ashley, he is madly in love with her but totally he can do is sit back and watch her toy with the separate men. Many times he has purposed his love to Brett, she loves him as well, but will not have a romantic relationship with him because her sexual desire is as well great and Jake ca nnot have a sexual relatioship because he has no penis, it was castrated during the war.   Jake was also an aficionado of bull fighting during one of his fiascos he and his friends and Lady Brett Ashley went to Pamplona. First Brett introduced her impudently fiance named Mike, a war veteran and a bankrupt drunk. Mike would later get on Robert Cohns case for bugging Brett and acting like a stalker. Cohn and Brett had a brief fling in San Sebastian, but Cohn could not excpet that Brett had no emotional feelings for him and that love affair meant anything. Cohn doesnt realize that Brett is a permiscius lady. During that week, Jake, Mike, and Bill (Jakes Friend) relize how much they hate Cohn and they all start to antagonize him.   While at the bullfights, Brett falls in love with a young matador named Pedro Romero, Jake helps her get involved with Romero, Cohn finds out and beats up Jake, and Romero, and accordingly Cohn leave Spain and goes back. Brett realizes that she will only do Romero harm and asks Jake to take her away from him. It seems everytime Brett would get in trouble Jake would always come to the rescue, because he is hopelessly in love with her.

The Lost Generation in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises   The book The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway is a better example of what life was like after the war. It was about unrealistic love of a young Lady Brett Ashley, and the post war adventures of Jake Barnes and his friends. In an age of moral bankruptcy, spiritual dissolution, unrealized love, and vanishing illusion, this is the lost generation, and that is exactly what Hemmingway writes about in The Sun Also Rises.   Jake Barnes lived a real casual life style. He is a writer that goes out with his buddies almost every night, and drinks. Oh Jake, Brett said, we could develop had such a damned good time together. His only true desire is a Lady Brett Ashley, he is madly in love with her but all he can do is sit back and watch her toy with the other men. Many time he has purposed his love to Brett, she loves him as well, but provide not have a romantic relationship with him because her sexual desire is too great and Jake cannot have a sexual relatioship because he has no penis, it was castrated during the war.   Jake was also an aficionado of bull fighting during one of his fiascos he and his friends and Lady Brett Ashley went to Pamplona. First Brett introduced her new fiance named Mike, a war veteran and a bankrupt drunk. Mike would later get on Robert Cohns case for bugging Brett and acting like a stalker. Cohn and Brett had a brief turn out in San Sebastian, but Cohn could not excpet that Brett had no emotional feelings for him and that love affair meant anything. Cohn doesnt realize that Brett is a permiscius lady. During that week, Jake, Mike, and Bill (Jakes Friend) relize how much they hate Cohn and they all start to weaken him.   While at the bullfights, Brett falls in love with a young matador named Pedro Romero, Jake helps her get involved with Romero, Cohn finds out and beats up Jake, and Romero, and then Cohn leave Spain and goes back. Brett realizes that she will only do Romero harm and asks Jake to take her away from him. It seems everytime Brett would get in trouble Jake would always come to the rescue, because he is hopelessly in love with her.

July at the Multiplex Essay

The purpose of this report is to inform Mr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium of theaters about the recommended actions to take against paintinggoer Tommy. The options include exploit with the judicial proceeding or negotiating a settlement that will be dealt with privately. The litigation against the imperial Theater is made by Tommy, a customer who claimed to perk up acquire a poor experience at the theater. In the following report, we used legal, statistical, and ethical reasoning.Legal After analyzing both sectionalisationies facts, there is a lack of dishonest misrepresentation to follow suit. Therefore, Tommy has a weak standing. Statistical 94% of surveyed moviegoers were not fazed by the commercials screened before the featured film. Ethical The litigation by Tommy was propelled by the lack of quality customer service on purple Theaters behalf. This case does not need to proceed and can be fixed by making small adjustments to Royal Theaters policies.Based on these an alyses, we advise Mr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium to negotiate a private settlement. In order to prevent this from occurring again, we have in addition suggested our recommendations on adjustments to Royal Theaters ticket stubs and refund policy.IntroductionMr. Mull T. Plex and the consortium of theaters around the nation have hired our consulting team to analyze and break down the litigation against the Royal Theater made by Tommy. Tommy is suing the Royal Theater on charges of dishonorable misrepresentation and the consortium of theaters is very well concerned with the possibility of a class action lawsuit that could prevail from this case. Tommys lawsuit is based on his experience at the Royal Theater during the screening of movie The Governator. After a displeasing chain of events, Tommy demanded a full refund in which Royal Theater refused. Mr. Plex and the consortium of theaters have asked us to assess thesituation and to authenticate whether or not Tommys case will pre vail in court. We have put together a thorough report containing evidence that Tommys case against the Royal Theater is very un deally to be triumphant in court, survey cores and recommendations which will not only help the Royal Theater, but also the consortium of theaters to abstain from future allegations such as the ones made by Tommy. Facts1. Representation of factsTommy Royal theaters informed Tommy that the movie begun at 100 PM. Tommy not only saw it on a newspaper advertisement but also confirmed it with the clerk. It was also the dimming of the light at 100 PM that led Tommy to believe that the showing was about to begin.2. Representation was falseTommy Tommy was lead to believe that the movie was to start at 100 PM, not the commercials. Since the commercials were 20 minutes long, the movie technically started at 120 PM and should have been represented like that.3. MisrepresentationTommy Tommy is not a regular moviegoer having some free condemnation gave him the opportun ity to enjoy a movie. Following a misrepresented duration line left Tommy in a fraudulent misrepresentation of an untrue statement. Royal Theaters shouldnt assume that just because other theaters show commercials that they shouldnt fracture the knowledge of the movies true start time. Royal Theater Royal Theater did not lie to Tommy. The viewing did start at 100 PM. The commercials are part of the experience of watching a movie and have been for a while not only at that theater but many others. The dimming of the lights is an indication that the audience should grab their seat so they wont disturb the audience if they walk in a couple minutes late from the unfeigned movie.4. pattern the Plaintiff Should cuss UponTommy Tommy saw an ad that was intentionally placed for movie goers by Royal Theaters. Relying on the information provided, Tommy rushed to study it on time to the movie that was said to start at 100 PM. What Tommy didnt know was that Royal Theaters intentionally does nt inform people that the commercials start at 100 PM and lasts about 20 minutes. Dimming the lightsat 100 PM also seem to have prompted Tommy into coming early so he wouldnt cope to find a seat, forcing him to watch the commercials. Royal Theater Royal Theaters is aware that not everyone is punctual. This commercial time allows people to not run around frantically looking for seats. Instead, it allows people to use the restroom facilities, grab any snacks and drinks from the concession stand, and return to the screening to avoid missing the movie.5. The Plaintiff Reasonably Did So RelyTommy relied on the continuous notion provided by the theater that the movie starts at 100 PM. Taking initiative to double check the times left Tommy no other choice but to trust and rely on the theaters ad and employees.6. DamagesTommy Being emotionally and financially damaged, Tommy is suing Mr. Mull T. Plex for the money spent on the ticket, concession stand, gas and mileage, and his time that wa s wasted. Royal Theater Tommy did not suffer any severe damages. Driving to the destination is a choice that all moviegoers make on their own. Whether or not they would like to enjoy snacks and a drink is their decision to make and he had no complaints about that. The movie that was being play at the theater was an anticipated one that most people seem to have enjoyed. Survey ResultsWe conducted a random survey consisting of a sample surface of 100 moviegoers. They were asked if they were disturbed by the commercials and only 6% of the sample were disturbed by the commercials. Another random survey was conducted and 300 people were asked if the commercials were a disturbance. The result was 6% of the sample were disturbed. This shows that the showing of the commercials before the movie didnt disturb many moviegoers. Please refer to the attached appendix for the full analytics. RecommendationThe litigation made against Royal Theater heavily revolves around customer service. In order to improve customer service it is advised that all employees answer justly in accordance to show times. Employees should inform customers the time the lights dim and the time the actual filmbegins. In addition, a refund policy should be implicated. If the customer isnt satisfied with the movie within the first 30 minutes, they reserve the right to a full refund. Movie ticket stubs should indicate what time the actual film begins to avoid future confusion with movie patrons. To ensure that Tommy is satisfied, the Royal Theater should issue a private apology. We also recommend that Tommy be happy a pair of movie tickets and vouchers for the concession stand. A public announcement should be published in the local newspaper informing future moviegoers that there are 20 minutes of commercials before any movie. ConclusionUsing legal, statistical and ethical reasoning, we found that Tommys case is minor and should not tally the courtroom. The issue roots from Tommys opinion on the Roya l Theaters customer service and commercial policy. Tommys reasoning does not charter legal value, therefore would not make it to a court room. Only 1% of moviegoers felt bothered by commercials before their anticipated screening. The consortium shouldnt adopt drastic changes, as our survey results displayed that there werent many movie patrons disappointed that their film started twenty minutes late due to commercials. By issuing a private apology, Tommy would feel appreciated as a customer. We feel that by applying minor changes, movie patrons will continue to frequent Royal Theaters and leave happy with their experience.

Environmental Valuation Of Bako National Park Environmental Sciences Essay

Marketing Malaysia as a finish of excellence and to do the touristry industry a major subscriber to the socio- frugal partment of the state This is Tourism Malaysia s mission statement. It has been 37 old ages that Tourism Malaysia aims to promote the growing of touristry which will at whatever rate lend to state s economic development and quality of life. The political science began to take touristry earnestly in the late eightiess. Malaysia has launched Visit Malaysia Year as the selling run in 1990, which contributed 54 % addition in international tourer reachings for that twelvemonth. The teleph iodin number of visitants supports on increasing since so. Chart 1 below shows the drift of tourer reachings and grosss to the state for the past 10 old ages. there was a rapid growing in both tourer reachings and grosss till the figure slowed big bucks in the 2002 an 2003. This was due to worldwide frights of terrorist act, September 11 onslaught on the WTC in New York, followed b y bird grippe di seases and Severe astute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) onslaught. However the tendency continues to increase despite reverses in the undermentioned old ages till present which amounting to 22 cardinal of tourer reachings and RM 49,561.2 million in grosss for 2008. At the minute, touristry is the state s 3rd largest beginning of foreign exchange net incomes after fabrication and oil.Malaya, being situated deep down the tropical part, has many nature-based touristry attractive forces, for fables, caves, waterf alls, hot springs, beaches, coral reefs, mountains, and birds and wildlife sanctuaries. For these free-bases, the authorities is really acute in advancing these nature-based attractive forces. To conserve these nature-based attractive forces, the authorities has completed a web of comforted countries for the preservation of biological salmagundi.Malaysia has ever been recognized to be one of the richest biodiversity in the universe. This is in line with t he field of study indemnity on Biological Diversity whose vision is to transform Malaysia into a universe Centre of excellence in preservation, research and subroutine of tropical biological diverseness by the twelvemonth 2020 ( MoSTE, 1998 ) .The World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) has defined national park as natural country of land and/or sea, designated to a ) protect the ecological unity of one or more ecosystems for present and future coevalss, B ) exclude development or business unfriendly ( harmful ) to the intents of appellation of the country, and degree Celsius ) provide a foundation for religious, instruction, recreational and visitant chances, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible ( IUCN, 1994 ) .These national honey oilss are ceremonious for the intent of saving, hence leting and encouraging entree for instruction, excursion and touristry intents.The direction of touristry in sing the natural countries is complicated in Malaysia. Authorit y for several(a) natural resources is randomly divided under different authorities umbrellas and several province governments ( Hall, 1994 ) . In Peninsular Malaysia, terrene protected countries are chiefly managed by the Department of Wildlife and topic Parks ( DWNP ) and the Department of qualityry. The marine protected countries are managed by the Federal maritime Parks Section under the Ministry of inborn resources and the Environment. In Sabah, the tellurian protected countries are managed by Sabah Parks, Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah Forestry Department and Sabah Foundation, while all the Marine protected countries are managed by Sabah Parks. In the instance of Sarawak, all tellurian and marine protected countries are managed by the Sarawak Forestry Corporation.Malaysia has 30 gazetted national Parkss which inclusive of 6 Marine Parkss. There are 8 national Parkss located in Peninsular Malaysia, 7 are in Sabah and 15 are in Sarawak. A sum-up of the national Parkss in Malaysia is in Table 1.Table 1 enumerate of National Parks in MalaysiaLocationParksDate establishedSize ( hour angle ) /areaAttractionsPeninsular MalayaTaman Negara National Park, within 3 province boundaries ofPahang, Kelantan and Terengganu1939434,300 hectaresLargest in the stateCanopy walkWildlife observationEndau-Rompin National Park,Johor-Pahang boundary line49,000 hectaresRock formationSandstone tablelandTropical woodTanjung Piai Johor National Park, Johor2001WetlandsCoastal Rhizophora mangleBird observation and fishingPenang National Park, Penang20032,562 hectaresMeromictic lakeWetlandsMangroves red coral reefsTurtle nesting beachesPayar Marine Park, Kedah1985Screens 2 maritime stat mis of 4 islandsCoral reefsMarine lifeSnorkelingScuba diving reddishang Marine Park, Terengganu198525 square kmCoral reefsMarine lifeSnorkelingScuba divingTioman Marine Park, Pahang39 kilometer long and 12 kilometers broadCoral reefsMarine lifeSnorkelingScuba divingCraggedMersing Marine Park, J ohor light beachesCoral reefsNorth borneoCrocker Range National ParkAssorted dipterocarp qualityMontane woodPulau Tiga ParkCoral reefsBeach forestKinabalu Park4,101 meters above sea degreeMount mountingTunku Abdul Rahman ParkBeach forestTurtle Island ParkTurtle nesting beachTawau Hills Park27,972 hectareSarawakBako National Park19572727The oldest parkheathland forestOpen scrublandMangroveKubah National Park19882230The universe of thenarMontane forestAssorted dipterocarp forestHeath forestGunung Gading National Park19834196Home of rafflesiaMontane forestAssorted dipterocarp forestBatang Ai national Park199024040Home of orang utanAssorted dipterocarp forestRiparian woodRegenerated forestTanjung Datu National Park19941379The smallest parkAssorted dipterocarp forestBeach forestNiah National Park19743138The archaeological site of SarawakAssorted dipterocarp forestLimestone forest plant lifeHeath forestLambir Hills National Park19756949The virgin rain forest of SarawakAssorted dipteroc arp forestHeath forestGunung Mulu National park197452865The biggest cave bed manner in the universeAssorted dipterocarp forestLimestone forest floraMontane forestSimilajau National Park, Bintulu19768996Where the rapids meet the seaAssorted dipterocarp forestBeach forestMangrove forestTalang-Satang National Park1999Sarawak s polo-neck islandsMarine polo-neck preservationBukit Tiban National Park, Bintulu2000Conservation and research presentationWater-based diversionWildlife ceremonial occasionJungle trekkingMaludam National Park, Sri Aman2000Peat swampThe last feasible ruddy banded langur population ( monkey )Rajang Mangroves National Park, Sarikei2000The Rhizophora mangle ecosystemMangrove forestGunung Buda National Park2001The newest national parkLimestone forestLoagan Bunut National Park199010736The largest natural lakePeat swamp woodAssorted dipterocarp forestBeginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.malaysiamydestination.comMinistry of Natural Resource and Environment, 2006I n this survey, the range is limited to the tellurian protected country i.e. national park country, which is the just about recognizable class of protected countries. As diversion is one of the grounds of the appellation of these national park countries, they are view as the of import subscriber to the touristry industry.Sarawak National ParksModern Parkss and militias were established in the late 1800s. With this, Sarawak attempts began with the being of the National Park Ordinance in 1956 and the constitution of a Board of Trustees to administrate this. In 1973, there is a regeneration in the disposal of national Parkss, where the Board of Trustees is replaced by the Conservator of Forests. Since so, Sarawak Forestry Corporation has been charged with the duty of implementing the regulation. Sarawak Forestry Corporation managed all 15 tellurian and marine Parkss in Sarawak province which covers the entire country of 184,922 hour angle.The aims of the National Parks and Wildlife Di vision ( NPWD ) are To set up and pull off the National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, nature Militias, Forest Parks and other tantamount militias throughout Sarawak.To supply recreational and other installations in National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, nature Militias, Forest Parks and other tantamount militias.To develop an effectual promotion and extension service on nature preservation.To set about research in the ecology, saving and extension of wildlife and their natural home ground.There are four subdivisions within the NPWD, viz. Parks and Nature Reserves Branch, Wildlife Branch, preparedness & A Development subdivision and Interpretation & A Conservation culture Branch. The chief duties of Parks and Reserves Branch include overall direction of all Parkss and militias. The Wildlife Branch chief activities are wildlife direction and research. These include home ground direction, confined genteelness, species direction veterinary, enforcement and licensing. The research is c hiefly on Primatess, big and little mammals, birds, reptilians and amphibious vehicles. The Planning and Development Branch is responsible to pull off the Planning and Investigation Unit and the Design and Implementation Unit. Last, the Interpretation and Conservation Education Branch is responsible for four units which are Interpretation Unit, Conservation Education and wing Unit, Research Unit and Administration Unit.Bako National Park ( BNP ) was the first to be gazetted as a protected country on 1 May 1957 among all the 15 national Parkss in Sarawak. It is located 37 kilometres to the E of the capital metropolis of Kuching. Covering an country or 2727 hectares of a rugged sand rock, in the map, BNP is at the tip of the Muara Tebas peninsular. It was merely until 1985, the route from Kuching to BNP was completed and in order to entree to the park, it requires a short express boat journey of about 25 proceedingss ride along the Bako River. BNP is one of the smallest national Park ss in Sarawak, yet recorded as one of the highest rate of visitants to day of the month. BNP is celebrated for its rain forest, forest wildlife, hobo camp watercourses, waterfalls, works life, secluded beaches and trekking trails. The jungle trekking trails are good maintained web of 16 colour-coded walking trails, from easy ambles, full twenty-four hours treks to overnight bivouacing expeditions which allows the visitants to acquire to the approximately out of its alone environment.The undermentioned tabular array provides inside informations of trekking journey in BNP.NoName of trailTrail length( kilometer ) integrity manner clip & A Distance from HQColour Code1Tanjung Sapi0.530 proceedingss ( 0.8km )White/Red2Telok Paku0.81 hr ( 1.2 kilometer )White3Ulu Assam0.81 A? hours ( 1.4km )Blue/Red4Telok Delima0.2545 proceedingss ( 1km )Blue/White5Telok Pandan Besar0.751 hr ( 1.75km )Yellow6Telok Pandan Kecil1.51 A? hours ( 2.5km )Yeloow7Serait1.251 A? hours ( 2.2km )White/yellow8Lintan g5.253 A? hours returnRed9Tajor2.752 A? hours ( 3.5km )Red/White10Tanjung Rhu1.82 A? hours ( 4.2km )Red/Yellow11Bukit Keruing2.253 A? hours ( 5.5km )Blue12Paya Jelutong0.23 A? hours ( 5.7km )White/Blue13Bukit Gondol24 A? hours ( 7.7km )Yellow/White14Ulu Serait2.753 hours ( 4.8km )Blue/yellow15Telok Sibur0.83 A? hours ( 5.3km )Red/Black16Telok Limau5.757 hours ( 10km )Red/Blue17Telok Kruin1.57 A? hours ( 10.5km )Blue/Black18Pa Amit ( Lakei Island )1.030 proceedingss ( from Base )OrangeRevised fesse and Accommodation ChargesEffective 1 July 2002Entrance FeesVisitor CategorySingle Entry ( per several(prenominal) )Multiple Entry( Non-transferable )( per individual )5-Entry Base on balls( Movable valid for 1 individual )1-month cogency3-months cogencyAdultRM10.00RM50.00RM100.00RM40.00Student/Senior Citizen/Disabled individualRM5.00RM25.00RM50.00RM20.00Assorted Group*n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.Child, 6 old ages and below vindicateFreeFreeFreeType of accomodationFacilitiesRate per darkNo. of units availableForest Lodge, Type 52 suites with 3 individual beds eachNon-air conditionedFan merelyShared bathroom and basefulRM100+ per roomorRM150+ per theatre of operations7Forest Lodge, Type 62 suites with 2 individual beds eachNon-air conditionedFan merelyAttached bathroom and lavatoryRM50+ per roomorRM75+ per house2Forest Hostel4 suites with 4 individual beds eachNon-air conditionedFan merelyShared bathroom and lavatoryRM15+ per bedorRM40+ per room3Camp site ( bivouacing equipment is non provided )Public bathrooms and lavatoriesRM5 per individual18 sites+ Plus 5 % authorities service revenue enhancementBeginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.forestry.sarawak.gov.myRules and RegulationsThe regulations and ordinances are at that place to protect the park for the benefits of visitants.It is an offense to Enter without a license Kill, gaining control, toxicant or retrousse any animate being Cut, take, destruct or put fire to any object life or inanimate, dead or alive,Introdu ce any animate being or works onto the park Damage, erect any edifice or other constructions LitterPunishmentsThe minimal mulct for the above offenses is RM1,000 and vi months imprisonment.LicenseVisitors must obtain a certified license before come ining the national Parks, nature Militias or Wildlife Centre from the nearest engagement offices. For passkey movie shapers and those transporting out expeditions, a particular permission from the Sarawak express Secretary must be acquired in progress.Exclusion of liabilitiesAny individual sing Sarawak s national Parkss, nature militias and wildlife Centres enter at their ain hazard. The license to come in is granted capable to the status that the Forest Department and/or the State Government and/or Officer shall non be responsible for any physical, mental or emotional hurt sustained, or any loss of life, or belongings or whatsoever sort within these countries. The State Government of it Officer disclaims any act ( s ) or skip neverth eless caused or start up within these countries.LITERATURE REVIEWEconomic Evaluation of EnvironmentPolicy shapers in developed states have realized that it is of import to take into history the economic grade in the procedure of determination devising. However, in developing state like Malaysia, the rating of environmental good is regarded as unfamiliar. Though researches sing this production in Malaysia published are found to be rare, the determination proved that our state besides give values on environmental goods.Economic rating refers to the measuring on footings of cash values to non- marketed goods and serve. Non-marketed goods and services include those which can non be straight bought and sold in the unfastened market topographic point.Goods and services which have economic value contribute positively to human well-being. This is determined by the penchants of the persons which show the degree of satisfaction. These penchants can be revealed in the context of freeness to overcompensate ( WTP ) . On the contrary, human well-being will besides necessitate to digest with the unwanted values which revealed in the context of willingness to accept ( WTA ) .Economic rating proficiency aims to get word the entire economic value ( TEV ) . TEV identifies the alterations in human well-being that come down from a alteration in the proviso of the good. These values may accrue to users and non users. The illustrations for this would be the willingness to pay for the saving of the forest in the national park and the preservation of endangered species like the proboscis monkey, even though the person may non hold seen the species while in the national park.TEV is made up of the amount of consumption and non-use value. implement values may be direct or indirect. An illustration for this would be a wood in a national park. Visitors to the forest brand direct usage of it and the fact that the forest protecting the water leave of the part is an illustration of an indirect usage. A non-use value, besides known as inactive usage values, is when persons are willing to pay even though they rack up no direct usage of it.There are two methods in gauging the economic values of non-marketed goods and services which are revealed penchants ( RP ) and state penchants ( SP ) . RP and SP can be use to gauge the usage value, nevertheless non-use values can merely be estimated by SP techniques. RP is exercised when the penchant of the persons is revealed by their buying wont in the existent market, which is price-based. In contrast, SP measures the demand of goods and services which do non hold market monetary value as they are non straight sold. Normally, the study would inquire on how much money would persons are WTP or WTA to bask the benefit of the goods and services, for illustration, the being of the environment.Property market ( WTP )Labour market ( WTA )Contingent rankingContingent ( conjoint ) paygrade plectron experimentsPaired comparing sMarket monetary values ( WTP )Contingent rating ( WTP/WTA )Choice modeling ( WTP/WTA )Debaring behavior ( WTP )Random utility/ distinct pick theoretical accounts ( WTP ) voluptuary pricingTravel cost method ( WTP )Benefit transportationStated Preferencesconjectural marketsdoes response/production mapsEntire Economic ValueNon-use ValueUse ValueRevealed Preferencesconventional and proxyFigure 1 Economic rating techniquesDeveloped states every bit good as the developing states have accepted that environmental goods can be measured utilizing several methods. In developed states, the methods used are beforehand where they have applied the usage of benefit transportation into their researches. However in Malaysia, the most common is CVM and merely late CM was adopted in researches done byaaaaaaaaa..Revealed penchants techniqueStated penchant techniqueSP technique which ask conjectural inquiries, are categorized into contingent upon(p) rating ( CV ) and multi-attribute rating ( MAV ) ( Anna Merino-Castello, 2003 ) .Contingent Valuation ( CV )CV measures the WTP through direct inquiries such as How much are you willing to pay? and Are you willing to pay RMx? . The former estimates the single penchants utilizing the open-ended method which is penchant based. The latter inquiry estimates the single penchants utilizing the referendum or dichotomous pick evocation. The respondents are merely apt(p) the option of replying yes or no, which is choice-based. This implies the premise of random public-service corporation map where the coefficients value are obtained through the appraisal of binary logit utilizing the maximal likelihood process.However, an increasing figure of empirical surveies revealed that dichotomous pick consequences seemed to be significantly larger that open-ended values, perchance due to yeah-saying ( Hanley et al. , 2001 ) . Both open-ended and dichotomous CV attacks have restrictions in gauging values. These restrictions are1. merely one prope rty to be valued by respondent2. respondents are improbable to give accurate response for conjectural market3. May bring on some respondents to act strategically when public goods are involvedDue to these restrictions, researches in rating of non-use value exchanging to the option stated penchant technique which is MAV. The chief difference between CV and MAV is that CV analyses one property of the merchandise at a clip whilst MAV analyses more than one property at the same time. This includes whether the properties are attached to one another or a trade-offs between them.Choice Modelling ( CM )Similar to CV, MAV can be categorized into selectence-based and choice-based method. In preference-based, the respondents are unavoidable to rate or rank each alternate merchandise in conjectural and existent market.On the other manus, in choice-based method, the respondents need to take one among several options merchandises which is more realistic because the respondents execute this mund ane as a consumer taking a serial of viing merchandises. In preference-based, the respondents does non necessitate doing any committedness to take a peculiar option, hence this is the ground why choice-based method is more preferable than preference-based attack.Preference-based method is by and large termed as conjoint analysis ( CA ) which comprises of contingent evaluation and paired comparing while choice-based method globally termed as pick vagabond ( CM ) which comprises of contingent ranking and pick experiment.CA and CM are differentiated by the signifier of the public-service corporation map. CA use a deterministic public-service corporation map and CM use the random public-service corporation map. Deterministic public-service corporation map is assumed to be related to an person s evaluation via a switching map o Uij = o Vij ( Xij ) This information is estimated utilizing ordinary least squares ( OLS ) arrested development techniques which implies the premise of the ca rdinality of evaluations graduated table ( Bateman et al, 2002 ) . In contrast, CM usage random public-service corporation map which represents the incorporate behavioural theory of determination behaviour and is composed of a deterministic constituent Vij and s stochastic IijUij = Vij ( Xij ) + IijThis random public-service corporation theory ( RUT ) leads to the distinct pick theoretical accounts which describes the behaviour of respondents pick chances in response to alterations in properties that step differences crosswise other respondents. This information is estimated utilizing the maximal likeliness method. All these four methods in multi-attribute rating differ in the quality of information they generate, in their grade of complexity and besides in their ability to bring fore WTP estimations that can be shown to be consistent with the usual steps of public assistance ( Bateman et al, 2002 ) .In contingent evaluation, respondents are presented with a figure of events one at a clip and are asked to rate each one separately in a phone number graduated table. The evaluation is so transformed into public-service corporation graduated table. This indirect public-service corporation map is assumed to be related to respondents evaluation via a transmutation map which leads to a typical analyzed utilizing OLS arrested development technique. As mentioned before, this implies strong premises of cardinality of evaluation graduated tables. This is inconsistent with the consumer theory. Hence, contingent evaluation does non bring forth public assistance consistent value estimations.In mated comparing, respondents are asked to take their preferable alternate out of a set of two picks and to find their penchant in a numeral graduated table. The public-service corporation map is besides estimated utilizing OLS.In a contingent ranking, respondents are required to rank a set of alternate options from most to least preferable. Each option has two or more properties, which are offered at different degrees across options. The respondents are required to rank their options. One of the options must be the current executable pick set of the respondent. The ground is, if the position quo is non included, the respondents may be forced to take the options which they non prefer at all. This rank order informations is estimated utilizing maximal likelihood process.In pick experiment, respondents are given a series of options and are required to bespeak their most preferable option. The baseline option, which is the position quo, need to be included in each of the pick set. This experiment gives welfare consistent estimations because,1. the respondents needs to tradeoff alterations in property degrees against the cost of doing these alterations2. the respondents can take the position quo3. we can stand for the econometric technique used in a manner which is precisely analog to the theory of rational and probabilistic pick.4. we can deduce estimations of counterbalancing and tantamount excess.This conditional logit theoretical account can be estimated utilizing the maximal likelihood process.

Math for Elementary Teachers Essay

math for elementary Teachers II is the second part in a two part series. The mathematical concepts that were foc physical exertiond on throughout the second part of Math for Elementary Teachers were on measurement, geometry, probability, and data outline. Just like part unrivaled of Math for Elementary Teachers, part two also address the relationship of the transmission line concepts to the National Council of Teachers of mathematics Standards for K-8 instruction. The first two calendar weeks of this course, the main concepts that were explored was data synopsis and probability.When learning around data analysis, A Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers taught students that data analysis is the measures of Central Tendency, Statistics, and Variation. During data analysis students also reviewed that different ways data can be presented bar graphs, circle graphs, line graphs, or scatter plots. Probability taught theorem and tree diagrams/geomet ry probabilities. Both of these mathematical concepts were cover throughout chapters 9 and 10 of A Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers.The mathematical concepts covered during week lead and four was Introduction to Geometry. During these two weeks, the concepts of geometry that were covered were angles, basal notation, geometry in three dimensions, and polygons. These mathematical concepts of geometry were covered throughout chapter 11. Mathematical concepts covered during week five and sise was Applications of Geometry. During these two weeks, the main concepts of application of geometry that were taught were rotational symmetry, lines of symmetry, similar triangles, similar igures, lines and linear equations, tessellation patterns, translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections. These mathematical concepts of Applications of Geometry were covered throughout chapters 12 and 14. Mathematical concepts covered during week seven and eig ht was Applications of criterion. During these two weeks, the main concepts of application of measurement that were covered were areas of polygons and circles, distance formula, equation of a circle, linear measure, mass, Pythagorean theorem, surface areas, temperature, and volume.These mathematical concepts of Applications of Measurement were covered throughout chapter 13. The concepts learned throughout this course are relevant to the characteristics of a professional mathematics teacher based off of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards. Based off the lessons for information Analysis and Probability, Introduction to Geometry, Applications of Geometry, and Applications of Measurement in this course and under the NCTM standards the curriculum meets the expectations that the National Council required professional mathematic teachers to do.The curriculum of Data Analysis and Probability in this course meets NCTM standards and expectations by represent da ta employ concrete objects, pictures, and graphs, collect data using observations, surveys, and experiments, represent data using tables and graphs such as a line plots, bar graphs, and line graphs, describe parts of the data and the set of data as a whole to ensconce what the data show, and describe the shape and important features of a set of data and compare related data sets (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2012).The curriculum for Introduction to Geometry and Applications of Geometry in this course meets NCTM standards and expectation by recognize, name, build, draw, compare, and sort two-and-three dimensional shapes, find the distance between points along horizontal and vertical lines of a coordinate system, and predict and describe the results of sliding, flipping, and routine two-dimensional shapes (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2012).The curriculum for Applications of Measurement in this course meets NCTM standards and expectation by re cognize the attributes of length, volume, weight, area and time, understand the need for measuring with standard units, set up strategies for estimating the perimeters, areas, and volumes of irregular shapes, and develop strategies to determine the surface areas and volumes of rectangular solids (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2012).When starting the first part of Math for Elementary Teachers, the idea that I had in sagacity was that these two courses were going to be about learning the basic mathematical concepts, counting, adding, subtracting, and learning shapes. However, now that I have completed the first part of Math for Elementary Teachers and am getting ready to the last week of the second part, my ideas and philosophy about teaching elementary students mathematical concepts changed.Teaching elementary children about Data Analysis and Probability, Geometry, and Applications of Measurement can become overwhelming for young children because these are concep ts that they gave never learned about. Elementary children are used to understanding the basic mathematical concepts. I believe that when it is time to start learning about other mathematical concepts it is important to make learning fun for the younger children.I will stand my philosophy of adjusting the lesson plans to create fun hands on activities that will serve up my students learn and remember all the different mathematical concepts. I also believe that it is important to go that extra mile to provide students with the best mathematical education there is and by getting the parents involved to help students at home by suggesting different websites or by sending home activity books.I can honestly say, that the recommended changes to the practice of mathematics that have been instruction based off my experiences in both Mat for Elementary Teachers I and Math for Elementary Teachers II is that these two courses should be longer than 9 weeks long. There is so much information t hat needs to be learned, and for a lot of students that are taking these courses it has been many years since they have learned these concepts. some other issue that I was not pleased with was at the start of this course having to take MyMathLab Orientation again. With these being a two part class and having to use MyMathLab during the first part of this course, it seemed pointless having to do another orientation for MyMathLab, but then again m most students should know how to use MyMathLab seeing as thy have other courses that require them to use MyMathLab. In total with the entire math course that are required for an Associate degree in Elementary Education 36 weeks is spent using MyMathLab.

DITSCAP/ Orange Book Essay

The difference surrounded by the Orange Book and the DITSCAP is that the Orange book depends on the education that comes from the computer packet that are inwardly the computer training systems for them to perform their tasks and to achieve their intended objectives. (Lee, 1999). On the other hand, DITSCAP take fors a ground for assessing the security of the information systems that are within the organizations, business firms, individuals and other private firms that give support to the firm.However, DITSCAP is diminished in its efficiency due to lack of a combined assay-mark and accreditation framework tool. When apply alone, DITSCAPN can be a very tiring process to the user as it has numerous cross checks of the policies and the get hold ofments. The complex and multiple information that exist between these diverse types of information hinder a persons ability to understand, generate, and assemble and to give protection to the systems. (Lee, 1999).In other words, DISCAP gives the process that is to be used, the activities that are going to be undertaken, description of the activities to be undertaken as well as the type and method of the management structure that is going to be followed during the process of witness and accreditation of the information technology systems that help to give the necessary security to the computers. This process aims at ensuring that the security process that is used gives the best security to the computers throughout the lifecycle.The certification levels of the DITSCAP comprises of four phases where the first phase involves the definition of the process. This involves understanding the organization, the environment in which the organization is in and the architecture of the organization that helps to identify the type of the security that is inevitable and the efforts that the organization is doing in order to achieve the accreditation. (Lee, 1999).The second phase, verification phase, involves an analysis of how t he security systems have evolved or have been modified for them to comply with the System security system Authority Agreement. The organization uses SSAA to come up with a modified and binding agreement before there is any growth on the system development or before making any change to the system. After the system accreditation, SSAA becomes the basis for the security configuration document. The third phase, validation phase ensures that there is a fully integrated information system as was earlier agreed on the SSAA.The fourth phase, post accreditation phase, gives the activities that are necessary for the continuity of the accredited information system to continue working in its computing environment and to face the challenges that the system may face in its entire life cycle. (Lee, 1999). The certification Levels yoke to the graduations defined within the Orange Book in that the certification and accreditation process which are interrelated and which give feedback to the other earlier phases when it is necessary.(Wong and Yeung, 2009). Each of these phases has some of the activities that require to be undertaken. In addition each of the activity has a series of tasks that need to be undertaken depending on the requirements. Each of these tasks gives out the input which represents the type of information needed to complete a given task as well as the outputs which gives the product of the task or the information which may also come as an input in other subsequent tasks.The certification and accreditation process has to be expanded in order to give more information roughly each of the stage and to ensure that the staff understand their role in the certification team. The value of the Minimal Checklist contained in Appendix 2 of the DITSCAP applications manual is that it establishes criteria to be used for certification and accreditation by giving a guide on the required efforts and other factors that are related to this system. Assurance is referred to a s the confidence which the features of security, characteristics and the functions of these features give to enforce the security policy.The assurance can be established for the business, the components and systems of the security. Therefore, certification leads to the assurance of a certain system in relation to its environment whereas accreditation shows whether the impacts joined with the system are either weak, tolerable or if they cannot be accepted at all. (Wong and Yeung, 2009). References Lee, S. E. (1999). Essays About Computer Security. Cambridge. Wong, A. and Yeung, A. (2009). Network Infrastructure Security. Springer.

Plato theory of forms Essay

Plato was a duellist and thus believed that on that point are two worlds the material world and the world of ideas/Forms. The world of ideas or Forms is the true candor and the world of appearances is just reflections of world of Forms. Plato believed that our knowledge of the Forms was a priori which means that our souls knew the Forms before it was inside us, therefore we have knowledge prior to experiencing the objects with our senses.Plato believes everyone is born with an intuitive solely imperfect understanding of the Forms. He also believes the philosopher is able, through using his intellect, to achieve true knowledge of the abstract Forms without using his senses. Platos theory of Forms can be seen as marvelous to some who believe that abstract ideas e. g table, horse, beauty are actually names that have been invented to help people describe their experiences of the material world.This is a materialistic view as it suggests that objects in this world are the real realit y and our ideas can develop based on experience of things. Aristotle agrees with this and believes knowledge is gained through experience and that there is not an eternal World of Forms that is a priori to us. However, in Platos defence some believe that each variety of a Form shares a likeness for example each horse is slightly different yet they all share something that makes it resemble a horse.According to Bertrand Russell, Platos theory made a very important advance in philosophy, since it is the first to emphasise the problem of universals. Platos theory is often regarded as unconvincing due to the fact that Plato believes that every object and idea in the world of appearances is an imperfect copy of an image or Form in the World of Forms. This suggests that there is a perfect Form of things such as a cinema ticket, mud or an insect and so on. According to Bertrand Russell, his ideas of the Forms when taken to its extreme.

Brazil Will Eventually Become Economic Powerhouse Essay

Currently, brazil-nut tree with its population hitting 186. 6 million has the ninth largest economy in the world (Jaeger, p. 2). Since the beginning of the twenty-first century the democracy has been enjoying a well-established economic stability, low inflation, mettlesome productivity rates and developing macro-economic infrastructure. Currently, Brazilian economic indexes are gradually improving in their dynamics, though some of them still remain on the average level for Latin American region.In particular, GDP growth in 2006 was steadfastlyly everywhere 3% (Estevao). Since the middle of the last century Brazil was expected to develop shortly into the worlds next economic power. However due to two-decade huge economic stagnation and financial crises in the mid-1980s Brazil has lost its positions and fell short of expectations regarding its economic development, especially in comparison with rapidly progressing economies of the countries in Asian region, such as China, Taiwa n or South Korea, etc. (Adrogue, Cerisola & Gelos, p. 3).Nevertheless, in the 1990s a series of well-planned governmental policies were implemented and Brazilian economy went through a number of structural economic changes, which allowed achieving certain stability, especially on macro-economic level. Therefore, countrys inflation was taken under control, external debt was considerably decreased, and many measures directed on reformation of financial infrastructure, liberalization of trade, achieving price stability and stimulating general economic growth were undertaken (Jaeger, p. 5-6).This way the country managed to improve its global image and gain a reputation of trustworthy nation again. As a result, since recent times Brazil has been receiving a lot of private investments. extraneous investors are attracted by high return of their funds and relatively low risks. Such significant factors, as good demographic situation in the country, high interest rates, stable political si tuation and prudent governmental policies regarding overseas trade, created absolutely favorable environment for foreign businessmen, who intend to invest their funds and hold up their businesses in Brazil.Good investment climate and economic stability are not the only factors determining future rise of Brazilian economy. In access to that, Brazil is very rich with various natural resources. Those are, first of all, huge territories of arable lands available for cultivation of a great variety of crops. Moreover, there are large mineral and plant resources including iron, copper and even gold, which have not been even properly explored yet. That is why there are great opportunities for different industrial and agricultural companies in Brazil.Undoubtedly, there are some problems which require immediate attention and solution in order to fasten economic development and come through high levels of social wellbeing. Those include corrupted educational system and problems with human c apital, insufficient financial and fiscal systems, poverty and income disparities, etc. Certainly, such reforms are hard to implement within some short period of time, therefore, positive transformations are expected to become effective gradually.Nevertheless, modern Brazil can be called the country of the future with its huge national market, cheap working power, abundance of natural resources, and many other factors determining a large long-term economic authorisation of the country (Jaeger, p. 2). Great economic stability and openness, steady increase in manufacturing and consumption, establishment of new international trade connections and other fundamentals will decidedly contribute greatly to future prosperity and economic power of the country. Works CitedEstevao, Marcello. Brazil Seeks to Unlock Economic Potential. International Monetary Fund. 26 Feb. 2007. 25 Nov. 2007 . Jaeger, Marcus. Brazil Economic scenarios for the next 15 years. Ed. Maria L. Lanzeni. Deutsche Bank R esearch. Frankfurt Am Main Deutsche Bank AG, 2006 Adrogue, Richardo, Martin Cerisola and Gaston Gelos. Brazils Long-Term Growth Performance -Trying to excuse the Puzzle. International Monetary Fund, unpublished manuscript, December 2006.

Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay

I will be comparing classical and operant conditioning by explaining idolise of high school. Fear of heights is known as Acrophobia. The phobia part does not occur until a someone is in an milieu that most people would be relatively fine in, such as attending a theme park or being in a building such as a twitch scraper for example. Most of the time when treating someone with acrophobia therapists will use graded exposure therapy.Any fear starts by eruditeness, so if a someone has a fear of heights it is most likely due to an typesetters case that happened early on in life that made a dramatic change in the soulfulnesss either day behavior, such as falling out of a tree at a boylike age. If a somebody has a severe phobia to heights behavior fuck vary. For example, a person can faint or have extreme anxiety when in an environment somewhat heights. some other example to discuss, research does in fact prove that a certain amount of reluctance around heights is normal for h umans and animals.In the 1960s research psychologists J. Gibson and R. D.Walker, conducted an experiment known as the optical falling off. The two researchers placed thirty six babies, one at a time on a forebode top made of half solid plastic covered with a checkered material and the other half clear Plexiglas. Each baby would ponder when weirdy and rely on the sires facial expression a happy expression would give the okay to keep crawling and an alarming look would signal the babies to stop crawling. This study shows that when we are faced to make an emotional finale people can be like the babies in the study done, we can remain on the counter top until we are faced with uncertainty.This study shows how cognition can be manipulated by emotion. So, if a person has a fear like heights, Psychologists often use conditioning or classical conditioning to befriend treat a person, because the fear is a learning process, and a person has to relearn which involves repeatedly juncti on a neutral stimulus with a response. Doing this produces stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. The visual cliff example given, is a great example of a conditioned response.If a person is influenced or is given a negative response it can contribute to fear and with life if more traumatic experiences follow eventually a person can be manipulated by the fear. The more negative reinforcer is involved the life-sizedger the fear develops. For someone having a fear of heights, if the person knows they have to go somewhere a inviteing for example, and they have to take an elevator to the 50th , floor, in that persons mind they are sack to be going crazy with negative thoughts and feeling overwhelmed with anxiety.But, if the person tells themselves after it is done with well what was the big deal? What was I so afraid of? . That negative reinforcement turns into positive reinforcement eventually. This is known as operant conditioning. Sometimes medication for anxiety may have to be prescribed by a psychiatrist if the fear is so excessive. Talking about the fear is a good start, a psychologist can thus determine if the fear was learned possibly through observation or if the fear was through a learned experience. If fear of heights is affecting a persons environment then a change needs to be made in order help treat the fear.By using positive reinforcement and determining if the persons behavior from the fear was caused by learning through experience or observed environmentally, it can help determine how to further treat the person. But, if the fear goes untreated the anxiety and stress from it will only grow bigger creating more of an issue for the person and being able to live their everyday lifestyle. Psychotherapy is very instrumental in treating anxiety disorders and phobias . In order to treat acrophobia a person needs to find a therapist who can meet their needs.Therapists ill help focus on the best way to treat the person with t his disorder, the most public way is using cognitive behavioral therapy. Restructuring a persons thoughts into positive thoughts is another helpful tip used, and talking about the fear and identifying what is causing the fear to become so out of control, and at long last meeting on a regular basis and determining if medication is needed and seeing what the person with this fear can do in their everyday lifestyle to make themselves more comfortable until they are eventually feeling like they have control over the fear and the fear is no long-range controlling them.

How does Stevenson present the conflict between good and evil in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’? Essay

Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella by Robert Louis Stevenson set in dainty London and written in 1886. It fecal matter be said that Stevenson in additionk brains directly from his throw fuck offs when creating the plot, as m either a nonher(prenominal) aspects of the novella can be comp ard directly to his life. Stevenson grew up in Edinburgh, which had the same dramatic contrast in the midst of the rich and the poor stances as the London in which Jekyll and Hyde is set and it is clear that he was influenced by the things he saw when going ab disc e very(prenominal) vagabond his every day life the divide amid wealth and poverty.The idea of the unhappily conflicted mortalality of Jekyll could easily be based upon him ego the young Stevenson aspired to become a writer precisely this profession was looked down on by parlia custodytary law as writers were feeln as leading im lesson and luxuriant lifestyles. His p atomic number 18nts certainly disapproved of his choice an d inadequacyed him to pursue a to a greater extent respect competent career. Stevenson decided to organize a law degree, save did non stop writing, thereby creating for himself a double life.The genre of the book is mediaeval horror and could also be said to hasten elements of science fiction. One clear influence would be Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, written in 1818. This, similar Jekyll and Hyde, has re adjustations of the worrying developments in science and compromising piety as well as controversial comments on society. A nonher source of inspiration is the 1859 book by Charles Darwin Origin of the Species in which Darwin looks in depth at the ideas of evolution. This book was decomposeicularly shocking since it bring uped that each(prenominal) benevolent beings were once animals, which were believed to not have souls. Such an byrageous statement clearly contradicted the views of the religious majority.The period in which Jekyll and Hyde was written is important because of the rigid morals held by most people in Victorian England. in that respect were clear divides between classes, where the rich and the poor were considered as almost comp allowe different races. This meant that there was a great complete of hypocrisy respected unmarried men were often encouraged to meet with prostitutes further the women themselves were considered as disgustingly immoral. People had prejudices against anybody who looked strange or different, strongly adhering to the idea of physiognomy that a individuals somebodyality could be defined by their go forthance. This was also a succession where hu publicy hot breakthroughs were being made in science and people were beginning to worry nigh the moral side of what was being done, and fearing that scientists were attempting to concern themselves with divine matters. This meant that scientists were often not very well thought of.The main theme in Jekyll and Hyde is the divide of good and shabbiness and th e duality of worldly concernkind. This was particularly relevant in the society of the time as several characters were beginning to emerge that had appeared respectable members of society and turned out to be less(prenominal) than perfect. The most famous example of this is Jack the Ripper, who was believed to be a surgeon or at least have detailed anatomical knowledge. Other examples are Burke and Hare, two infamous men who interchange stolen bo dissects and thence victims that they themselves had murdered to be used in medical research. This was highly disturbing, particularly since their main leaf node Dr Knox must have known that the bodies they were receiving did not come from moral sources. Another example in the society of the time was Deacon Brodie, a respected cabinet performr who was also a skilled burglar.Jekyll and Hyde tells the recital of wealthy desex Henry Jekyll, whose ideas that a human being had both good and wickedness indoors them led him to attempting t o split up a persons personality. His experiment worked, however not tout ensemble as he would have wanted, as he had managed to create and physically transform into a incarnation of his own malignance who he dubbed Edward Hyde.He soon sight that the reckless lack of morals and force of Hyde were highly addictive and he found himself going about under the guise of his other self and committing atrocities. Eventually he realised that he was being rapidly taken over by Hyde and was unavailing to give him up. He was also running out of the drug that enabled him to transform back into Jekyll, and he signalizeed to his horror that he could not recreate the original mixture. He wrote an account of what had egested to his hotshot, Gabriel Utterson, and then committed felo-de-se to kill both himself and Hyde.The different elements of the plot fit to blendher seamlessly, and at times this appears a footling too coincidental such as a letter to Utterson being found upon the murdered Danvers Carew and Utterson so easily being able to find out that Jekyll and Hyde had such similar handwriting through his work Guest.Instead of using Jekyll as the storyteller, Stevenson uses an embedded narrative by having Utterson as the main cashier. This means that we see the story from the perspective of somebody who is not directly involved and therefore means that the reader does not see the replete(p) righteousness until the end when everything is explained from the viewpoint of the doctor Lanyon and then Jekyll himself. This adds realism to the story, as separately narrator is a tout ensemble different character. For example, Lanyons description of events is practically to a greater extent factual and Jekylls uses intelligent metaphors and detailed imagery. The narrative is achronological, meaning that the story is not portrayed in chronological order. Rather, we experience the statement with Utterson scratch, and then are alter in on events that happened previou sly by Lanyon, and finally told all that had happened by Jekyll, starting from long before we were starting introduced into the plot. This means that we are almost plunged into the narrative in media res as we start off from the middle of the story.While Lanyon and Jekyll give us clear first person accounts, Utterson is described in the third person, and this helps us to understand the flaws of his personality and therefore understand him more. It gives us a less biased perspective as we are enabled to make up our own opinions as well as learning Uttersons views on what is happening. Stevenson wants us to trust Utterson as a person so that we will trust his judgment, giving him a dull and controlled personality so that his perceptions will appear more likely and lead us to making false conclusions so that the actual outcome of the tale is a complete shock to us as well as to Utterson. His narrative makes the story more believable than if we had been told everything directly by Jek yll and also builds up tension and mystery as the lawyer goes out of his panache to piece together the trouble his promoter is in as well as the compose of the elusive Mr. Hyde.The character that the whole novella is circled around is Dr Henry Jekyll, who is first presented to us as a wealthy man of good taste. A small doubt to his character is regularize forward as he is described as something of a slyish cast perhaps but then insisting that he was every mark of capacity and kindness. Since Utterson had already suggested to us that Jekyll is in some kind of trouble, we are more likely to feel sorry for him. This is further increased by Jekylls apparent terror when Utterson mentions Hyde. He therefore appears as a moderately weak person who is being manipulated by Hyde.We learn a lot more about him when we read his first person account. Jekylls flaws become more self-evident and we realise that he is not as he originally appeared. His language shows us that he is extremely in telligent and insightful, and idealistic enough to believe that his reckless experiments could change mankind for the better. He does appear fairly weak in character, as he clearly enjoyed the new tones that being Hyde allowed him. He says that he mat up younger, lighter, happier in body within I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current bemused sensual images running like a mill race in my fancy, a solution out of the bonds of obligation, and unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul.Clearly, he found it refreshing to be able to take the body of a younger and fitter man, particularly one who was not governed by moral boundaries. He continued to take the potion even though he knew that his new self was purely abuse until he could not stop, which shows that he was acting for himself now instead of continuing his research. He keeps himself free from vice by not accepting any responsibility for Hydes crimes, insisting it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was g uilty. Therefore, he completely disassociates his other half from himself. He appeared to feel remorse for the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, but then decided that it was alone Hydes fault and all that he had to do was use this as an excuse for no thirster becoming Hyde, which shows him to be a hypocrite.But he also becomes distanced from his original self, referring to Jekyll in the first person and seeing the kisser of the doctor as just as much of a mask as becoming Hyde, talking about the two halves of himself as equals scorn Hyde being completely malignant composition Jekyll was a composite. This would mean that evil was the greatest force and he had inadvertently moved toward the worse as he feared after the first transformation. He actually considers staying as Hyde for the rest of his life when forced to make a choice, but decides that he prefers to be Jekyll, well-liked and a man of reputation. Despite being taken over almost entirely by Hyde, Jekyll still has the streng th to end his own life and thereby kill Hyde.Jekyll speaks in a respectful manner when addressing others, but we do not really learn much about him before the first person account. Here, it is clear that he is a man of excellent study and with a wide imagination. His language is flowing and descriptive, using metaphors such as the Babylonian finger on the wall and analysing ideas in psychology that were beyond his time, in fact also beyond Stevensons.To the reader, Jekyll represents the average man. He is curious and ambitious, and often feels conflicted from the strains of his life. He is tempted by pleasure, and makes the wrong decisions due to this. Also, he appears as quite high-flown and egotistical, recovering that his clever tricks can keep him out of trouble and that he is completely safe. This leads him to his own downfall.Hyde is the physical embodiment of the evil element of mankind. He is utterly immoral and feels absolutely no regret for any of the dissolute crimes he commits, in fact he is delighted by them. For example when he kills Danvers Carew, he mauled the unresisting body, tasting delight from every blow. His appearance is very important as everybody who meets him instantly dislikes him although they do not quite know how. He is described as pale and dwarfish he gave an slump of deformity without any nameable malformation. Jekyll supposes that Hydes small stature is due to him only being a part of a whole the personification of one aspect of Jekylls character.The immediate hatred he provokes when he comes into contacts with others shows how he has an aura of profligacy that can be sensed even when there is no author to dislike him. For example, when Lanyon met him for the first time knowing nothing about him, he says that he too was filled with the same irrational hatred, telling Utterson that he was surprised by the odd, subjective disturbance caused by his neighbourhood. In fact, the only person not repulsed by Hyde is Jekyll himse lf, whose first response to his other half was a confine of welcome, although in time he grows to truly hate him.Hyde does not care about anybody, but he clearly cares about his own welfare as he takes measures to protect himself from capture after committing crimes, and is terrified of death. This is clear when Jekyll says that Hyde commits temporary suicide by returning to Jekylls body and safety. Hyde does not hate Jekyll in himself, but hates being imprisoned inside him and that Jekyll has the strength to cage him and destroy him. He cannot hurt Jekyll without smart himself, so resorts to showing his loathing of Jekyll by playing childish spiteful tricks on him.Jekyll describes Hyde as ape-like and troglodytic, suggesting that he is not only inhuman but pre-human. This takes ideas from the theory of evolution by Darwin, and could mean that Hyde is a grade back in evolution and therefore fuelled by natural instincts rather than carefully considered thought. His emotions are v ery extreme he is filled with a mixture of rage, joy and fear. He tends to act on nervous impulse by striking out when he is enraged without any thought of the consequences. This idea of Hyde being more of a beast than a human being also plays with the ideas of religious Victorians that animals did not have souls and would not go to heaven.Hyde converses with others with a cold sarcastic politeness, speaking courteously enough unless angered. He is not ab initio rude when forced into a conversation with Utterson, but may have recognised him as a friend of Jekyll who it would not be wise to draw attention from. His temper flares very easily, and he can do anything when this happens. He is in a furious mood when Jekyll lets him takes control again, and this leads to his attack on Danvers Carew. When he is caught in public without his potion, he strikes a woman in the face for attempting to talk with him, and is close to assaulting the device driver of a cab taking him to safety. He uses sharp plosives such as blasted by a prodigy and using short sentences which gives the impression of fast-breaking and more violent speech.Gabriel Utterson is the first character introduced to the reader. He is described as being slow in sentiment, lean, long, dusty, dreary, and yet somehow lovable, which makes him sound to be a very uninteresting person but adds a positive adjective so that he isnt perceived as having a bad personality. Stevenson introduces him first to add realism to the impossible plot and to get the reader to place their trust in him as a person, not just as a narrator.He is reserved and doesnt like to get involved, proven when he said I let my brother go to the devil his own way. However, this original philosophy is reverted when he is told about Hyde and realises that his close friend Jekyll must be in trouble. Utterson ends up being the one most involved in Jekylls problems, actively seeking out Hyde and looking for answers. He does not like to gossip, a nd agrees with Enfield that speaking less about things is a good idea. Utterson appears to think that reputation is of great importance and he barely changes his stiff system even during emergencies such as Carews death.Utterson appears to be well-liked and trustable in general, as both Jekyll and Lanyon regard him as a good friend and it is said that hosts loved to detain the dry lawyer. Utterson does not make friends easily, but his affections, like ivy, were the growth of time he makes friends for life. This shows with how he worries about Jekyll.The effect Hyde has on such a boring man is remarkable, as Utterson is filled with fear and curiosity despite not having even met the man yet. He begins to suffer from lack of sleep as he ponders his friends predicament, picturing Hyde as some kind of demon with a terrible power over Jekyll. This shows that even though Utterson is not a very imaginative man, he is conjuring up images of this unknown monster which frighten him. He seems to be a brave man when searching for and then facing Hyde, especially as he begins to learn what the man is capable of, which proves him to be quite a selfless person when it comes to helping his friends despite what he had originally said about keeping out of other peoples business.Dr Hastie Lanyon is a mutual friend of Jekyll and Utterson, and his help is required by Hyde in order to transform back into Jekyll when he transforms in Regents position without his potion. The shock of seeing the depraved Hyde physically becoming his friend Jekyll causes Lanyon to become very ill and he dies soon after. Lanyon is described as a hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentle-man the first time he is shown to the reader, but by the time of his death he had become pale his body-build had fallen away he was visibly balder and older which shows the effects of discovering Jekylls secret.Lanyon is a doctor of empirical science and clearly disapproves of Jekylls wild ideas. He claims that Jekyll began to go wrong, wrong in judicial decision and calls his work unscientific balderdash. This implies that Jekyll had told Lanyon some of his ideas, and the disagreement over this had separated the two friends. Hyde taunts Lanyon about this when about to take the potion to turn back into Jekyll, saying you have denied the virtue of transcendental medicine, you who have derided your superiors. Despite Hyde playing on the rift between them, Jekyll still greatly respects Lanyon and apparently the reaction of his friend affected him a lot more than Carews murder.Just as Hyde represents evil in the story, Lanyon represents good. He is jovial, kind, and although he had a grudge against Jekyll due to the unusual experiments he is carrying out, it seems likely that he would in due course exculpate him. He does still consider Jekyll his friend, despite often referring to him as inreasonable and apparently not believe him. The knowledge of exactly what his friend had become destroyed him completely, and he became too afraid to speak of it or even to sleep. He tells Utterson that he knows that he is dying and seems to have resigned himself to the fact, but says that he will die incredulous as the horrific scene he had witnessed defied all scientific logic that the sensible man could ever consider. He cannot cope with the impossible reality of what he has seen.Jekylls butler Poole is of a dispirit class than the other characters and consequently uses non-standard English. However, Stevenson contradicts the common assumption that common servants were ignorant and foolish by making Poole, although uneducated, a fairly clever character. Poole has picked up on the problems his master is having, and has begun to try and work out what is going on. He has realised that Hyde is in the brook in Jekylls place, and attempts to argue his intuition against Uttersons sad logic, with Poole turning out to be right. Poole turns out to be a useful character, helping bring Utterson t o discover the truth.Another critique of societys views is the character Enfield, described as a well-known man about town, who is of upper class and yet appears to be not exactly perfect. Enfield tells Utterson that he was coming category from some place at the end of the world, about three oclock in the morning, casually implying that he was visiting somewhere unsuitable a popular pastime that the wealthy glossed over.Stevenson uses a great deal of language techniques to put across the sinister tale of Jekyll and Hyde. He starts the novel with a description of the narrator Utterson and his friend Enfield, using humour when he tells the reader about the apparent incompatibility between the men and how they insisted on going on walks that neither of them appeared to enjoy. This is effective because Enfields story is a good way to lead into the main tale, and we are thereby introduced to a few crucial elements of the story. For example, the back door which leads to Jekylls laborator y, although this isnt revealed until later on. It appears to ruin the appearance of the street, a blemish on an aesthetically pleasing area, order of payment in unsavoury characters such as the homeless and rowdy children.The whole idea of the two doors is a clever metaphor for the theme of good against evil, as Hyde could enter through the decrepit back of the house and emerge from the front as Jekyll. Stevenson employs many similar metaphors, such as the use of physiognomy to suggest Hydes malevolence and by describing Lanyon, making him sound a kind and cheerful man. Lanyon also has a shock of hair prematurely white, the colour white carrying with it connotations of purity and strengthening his character. Hydes visage is hidden by a mask when moving around Jekylls house, symbolising Jekylls thirst to keep his devil hidden away. Another technique used is the image of angry citizens crowding around the cold, sneering Hyde, each one filled with the desire to kill him Hydes unnatur al air of evil turning the normally docile women into harpies that had to be held back lest they attack him. This works well as it opposes the sexual practice roles in society.One of the most effective tools Stevenson uses is the weather. The first instance of this is during Hydes first appearance it takes place in early morning where everywhere is eerily quiet and dark. It is also night-time when Danvers Carew is killed, this time a full moon which often symbolises unearthly happenings, although the maid who had witnessed the murder contradicts this idea by saying that she had never felt more at peace with the world. When Utterson takes the policeman to Hydes house in Soho, it is the first fog of the season, relevant to the previous events since this was Hydes first murder and his character was becoming worse and worse in the nerve center of the reader. The idea of fog creates very vivid imagery, and could be taken as a metaphor for the shrouded truth about Hyde.The mist is brok en in some places by sunlight, which could symbolise the hope still odd that hasnt yet been swallowed by darkness. This whole scene has been personified the fog almost appearing like a creature battling with the wind that was aggressively attempting to drive it away. This scene is suitably supernatural Utterson describes it as a rule of some city in a nightmare. This pathetic fallacy is subverted when Jekyll is in Regents Park and transforms into Hyde it was a blissful, sunny day with all the frost having melted away and sweet with Spring odours. This does not seem like a setting for any villainy, but this is where Hyde appears again, which shows that evil can now happen in beautiful places.The pace of the story depends upon who is telling it, but it is generally slow paced. However, this changes during scenes of action, which builds up tension. The sentences are complex during descriptions, often in a few parts with colons or semi-colons to break them up, but during faster scenes this changes into short sentences with alliteration and plosives and usually more dialogue. This builds the pace of the text and engages the reader.Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has very universal themes of the good and evil elements of every human being, which means that it just as relevant today as it was when it was written, even if the points put across are less controversial. Stevenson deals with theories of subconscious thought, seen when Jekyll becomes Hyde in his sleep which would suggest that humans are more mentally conscious when asleep, an idea which still hasnt been completely worked out today. This was very advanced as nobody had yet begun to develop these ideas, until 1901 when Freud published a thesis on the unconscious mind.It is clear in the story that Jekyll quickly grows to hate his creation, but is unable to give it up. This can easily be seen as analogous to modern addictions such as drugs and alcohol, which can seem wonderful in the beginning and then quickly take ov er your life as Hyde did until it seems impossible to stop. The same patterns can be traced between the feelings from substance abuse and Jekylls addiction to the feelings and emotions he felt being Hyde, which shows that this is still very relevant in todays society.Like Jekyll, modern scientists are being criticized for their research, such as re-create and work into genetics. Some people argue that they are meddling with Gods work, and even those who are not religious may say that this kind of research is immoral and wrong, or that it could lead to problems like diseases if our whole natural system is changed artificially. Even if this does not happen, sometimes human beings can go too far with what they think is right. The thirst for success can often blind people to what they actually want to achieve, for example a scientist workings on perfecting human cloning may be purely working for the glory of the discovery rather than improving the world by his findings. This is human arrogance, which was Jekylls weakness.I think that the message in Jekyll and Hyde is that although evil dwells naturally within everybody, it can be overcome and that we all have the strength to overcome it. Jekylls pride caused his inner demons to take on a life of their own in Hyde, and although it cost him his own life, Jekylls morals and conscience were the victor in the end. Stevenson was trying to put forward the idea that humans are not either good or evil, nor are we sane or insane, but we are all the same to being with, built up of different emotions, thoughts and feeling which can lead us one way or another depending on our upbringing, choices, experiences and actions. So although everybody has a potential for evil, they also have a potential for good, and power to overcome evil.

Montessori Math

Montessori is an approach which many suck adopted these old mount up as a teaching method for minorren in preschool. The materials which they use create an environment that is development each(prenominal)y recede into account for the tiddlerren. Montessori believes that with the helped of trained instructors and the proper environment which the shaverren atomic matter 18 bewilderd in, intelligence and several(predicate) skills provideing be substantial in the infant (Casa Montessori, 1997-2009). In addition, one and only(a) of the main hires of Montessori is develop kidskinren to become life long , case-by-case identifyers.Instead of following the tradition teaching methods whereby instructors would present the students with all the facts and information that they need to know, the teachers trained in Montessori teaching would look questions and direct the children in a way where they impart to look for the resolvings themselves. In the acquirement process, the teachers would basically motivate the children to be actively engaged in their learning and to think independently (Seldin, 2010).The primer of the Montessori approach is that learning through experience and going through the process of investigating and discovery is one of the most effective ways for a child to learn. Montessori also believes that children do not learn by memorising information given to them but from concrete experiences that interests them. This is why Montessori focus on different creating different developmentally usurp concrete learning tools and materials that stimulates the child into logical thinking and discovery for subjects such as mathematics, stunning development, language and so on (Seldin, 2010).With regards to mathematics, the Montessori approach sees sensory training as a very great platform which aids in the learning of basic arithmetic. The wide variation of materials Montessori has to cater to mathematics allows children to familiarise themselves with turn of eventss at an early age (Modern Montessori International, 2006). They focus on exploitation sensorial materials because they are skillful and exact. They believe that it is important for the children to fix with materials that are exact and so that they can be exposed to set-apart concepts, learn through repetition and rom there draw the main principle of each and imbibe a clear abstraction. All these concepts would help the child to order his mind and en commensurate him to classify different experiences. This is because having a clear perception and the ability to classify things help the child to learn how to be little in their conclusions. Working with sensorial materials prepares the children for the study of make oution and sequencing as it builds up spatial representations of quantities and form imagines of magnitudes (Montessori ancient Guide).Montessori believes that ahead a child can induct learning mathematics, he or she must search an d accept the notions of idealized things with obscure qualities and to practice the requisite quick-witted skills (Modern Montessori International, 2006). First of all, exposing the child to early sensorial activities is used to introduce the idealization of things and isolation of qualities to them. This is because allowing the child to work with sensorial materials gives them the opport unit of measurementy to deal with isolated qualities physically and hence acquire the sensibility of what mathematics is all about.Secondly, the child must be introduced to the intellectual skills needed for mathematics such as exactness, calculation and repetition. Practical activities such as pouring beans into a jug or sweeping the floor can help children acquire such skills. It is believed that when children reach age four, they are ready to start learning mathematics. However, prior to that, the children have to establish certain things such as internal order, precise movement, work habits, the child must be up to(p) to complete a work cycle, follow a process and are able to work with symbols (Modern Montessori Guide).That is why there are developmentally appropriate ways for the children to explore arithmetic. The material first begins with concrete experiences such as the bet rods and card game where the children are able to work with such materials to learn the different concepts of numbers. This would also help the child as they work towards the abstract exemplify of solving mathematical sums. The mathematics in Montessori is organized into six free radicals. stem 1 is ingress to Numbers, root 2 is the Introduction to the Decimal System, multitude 3 is the Introduction to jejune Board, sort 4 is the exercise of Decimal System, assembly 5 is the Introduction to Recording and Arithmetic Tables and group 6 is Abstraction. Firstly, group 1 which is the Introduction to Numbers introduces the units of quantity up to 10. The focus group for this group is for children age 3 and a half onwards and the main aim of this group is to help children learn the make outs of numbers, understand the value of each number and to memorise the number age.Secondly, for the in group 2, The Introduction to the Decimal System, the children are given concrete experiences with units with tens, hundreds and thousands as tools to introduce them to the tenfold system. As for the third group which covers the Introduction to Teen Board, it helps the children to understand the different numbers within a hundred. Fourthly, group 4 which covers the Operation of Decimal System gets children to work with beans when doing the operation and is usually done at a sensorial and group level.The fifth group is the Introduction to Recording and Arithmetic Tables. Children at this level work individually with the materials and empyrean also introduced to recording at the same time. The children leave behind use strips, mounts and beads that help in tolerant them materia l demonstration of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. In addition, these board games do help them children to memorise tables. And lastly group 6 is covers Abstraction. This level is a transition to abstraction which helps the children to internalize the different functions of arithmetic.The materials used by Montessori are of nearing difficulty. The child would first be introduced to a quantity in isolation and then a name would be given for it. After which, the child would be given the opportunity to associate the quantity and the symbol. utilise an example for the number rod exercise, we can see that the children are first introduced to the numbers by itself when they are beseeched to count the rods. Subsequently, the teachers would go on and teach the children how to match the numerals to its values by matching the number card to the rods.The focus group for this group is for children age 3 and a half onwards and the main aim of this group is to help childr en learn the names of numbers, understand the value of each number and to memorise the number sequence. With regards to Montessori, sequence is always given in all of the work and the children are taught to establish a sequence in everything they do. I believe that is how the children learn how the numbers go in sequence (Modern Montessori Guide). The advantage of this exercise is that the units of each number rod are fixed.Therefore, this reduces any possibility of confusion that might arise. Moreover, the children will be able to absorb the concept into the unconscious easily and hence teach them the names of the numbers before the child grasp the abstract conception (Montessori Mom, 2009). The materials by Montessori give the children the experience that they need to arrive and progress to begin operative independently. Some of the activities are directed by teachers but all these activities would have to be followed up with activities which allow the children to work on their o wn.The children are only allowed to progress to the next level when they have fully understood the previous stage (Modern Montessori Guide). Thus, the children will only be able to progress to the decimal fraction stage when they have finished the first level. As mentioned above, the children will start to learn about the decimal system in group 2. This teacher directed exercise is done for children age 4 old age and above. What the teacher will do first is that she will put beads on a tray and function it on a table with the unit on the right and the thousand on the left.After which, the teacher will get under ones skin the unit of bead from the tray and put it on the mat and say this is a unit, and put the bead back on the tray. Subsequently, the teacher will bring out the tens bars and direct to the children that this is a ten. And the teacher will do likewise for the hundreds and thousands. After all these have been taught, the teacher will follow up with the second period w here she will place all four materials (unit/ tens/ hundreds/ thousands) at random and get the child to show her the unit she wants. In the last period, the teacher will choose a random unit out and ask the child what it is.So for example, the teacher will take a cube and get the child to name what it is. The main aims of this exercise is firstly, that the children will learn the scathe thousands, ten and unit, that they can understand the decimal system and that the child will be able to understand the relative values of one, ten, hundred and thousand. Following that, in order to teach the children how to associate the quantities with the numerals from 11 to 10 and to teach the children how to count from 11 19, the teachers would use materials such as a sequin board, 9 ten bead bars and a set of short bead stair.The different boards would be ordered on the floor and teacher would arrange the 9 ten bars to the right of the board. She would then ask the child to lay the out the sh ort bead stair to the right of the ten bars. After which, the teacher would multitude the numeral cards n order going from 1 to 9 and place the stack to the right of the board. With that the teacher will ask the child what the first number on the board is. When the child says 10, she will ask him to place a 1 ten bead bar to the left of the board and when she asks the child what comes after ten, the child will have to make 11 by adding 1 to the 10 bead bar.After that, she will get the child to place the numeral card with the number. She will poke out to do this until the number 19. In order to teach the children numbers up till 99, the steps that the teachers do will also be similar to what they do with teaching the children from 11 to 19. As we can see, tho like what was mentioned above, the procedures that Montessori adopts is one that has sequence. The children would progress step by step slowing adding on to what they know. Many have criticized Montessoris method of using str ings of beads to teach numbers as being unskilful or materialistic.However, they believe that it is necessary for the children to understand numbers because it would be easier for a child to work with concrete materials patiently if he or she is unable to get a clear idea of abstraction (Montessori Mom, 2009). The beads chain is used to give the child an understanding of the relative value of 1, 10 and carbon. The teacher would place the chain and the 100 square next to each other, telling the child that the bead chain and the 100 square are the same.She will then start the exercise by asking the child to unpack the chain into a straight vertical line and ask the child to count every single(a) bead in the first bar. When the child comes to the 10th bead, the child would be asked to place the first number label 10, next to the ten beada. He will outride for the rest of the tens (20, 30, 40) until 100. In the next level, the children would progress to the stage where the teacher will develop their understanding of working of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.For example, in the exercise for addition, the teacher will show the children how to lay the materials out. A large number card is laid out in column and the 2 sets of small number cards are laid side by side. The teacher tells the children that they are going to work with addition problems. After that, the teacher makes addends in small number cards and puts one in each tray. She will then get the children to go to the bank and get the appropriate beads. After the children have done so, she has to show the children how to put the beads and the different quantities on the mat.The teacher will then explain to the children how she is going to add the different quantities and units that are there. She will get one child to place the large number card and show him where to place the card. A second child will be asked to bring pop the 10s, count them and bring the large number card. She wil l recall all the steps with the 100s and 1000s. Following that, children will start to learn composition and de-composition of numbers 1 to 10. This is for children age 5 onwards. The teacher will ask the child to build the stairs with the number rods on the mat.She will bring down the rod number 10 and get the child to count it. After which she would bring down the rod number 9 and get the child to count it as well. She will then ask the child how many more do we need to make the number 10? and the child will be required to go and take down the appropriate number rod. The teacher will continue this exercise using different combinations given to the child. The main aims of this exercise are to show the child the working of addition and to provide further practice in addition. In addition, this would also give the idea that devil quantities added unneurotic make one large quantity.At the last level, the children will learn individual sums using different materials. For example, i n the addition without changing exercise, the children will be introduced to individual addition sums using the flamboyant beads and work cards, they will learn how tor record answers as further practice, it serves as an intermediate stage in the progression from concrete to abstract and to practice changing whenever its necessary. For this case, the teacher will propel the children that the colored lines corresponds to the numbers of large numeral cards and get them to read the first number (e. 4675). The child will then have to look for the corresponding beads and place them on the mat. After which, the child will read the next sum and have to bring the corresponding beads out as well. The child will then be asked to add all the units and record his answer. The teacher will repeat this with the tens, hundreds and thousands. Once the child has down all 4 sums, he will have to check his answer at the back of the cards. It has been said that children will soon grow out of using man ipulatives such as blocks and beads to learn mathematics.Once they have reached the stage where they are familiar and are confident in using that method, they will want to go on to something of a higher difficulty level. This is when the teachers can start teaching them numbers with concrete objects (Montessori Mom, 2009). As the materials used for the different groups are developmentally appropriate, the children are able to learn the different concepts at a progressively level. At each stage they would learn something mod which adds on to their prior knowledge. This is how the Montessori curriculum works.We can see that it all starts with the children learning the concept of numbers with the number rods and number cards and soon start progressing to learn decimals, addition, subtraction and learning how to group numbers together into tens, hundreds and thousands (Montessori Mom, 2009). Therefore it is important to introduce the fundamentals of mathematics in the early years durin g preschool where it would be easier for the child to grasp the concepts easily using concrete materials. The foundation of mathematics would have impact the childrens donnish growth in years to come (Montessori Mom, 2009).