The Physics of Roller Coasters Essay Example for Free

The physics of rolling Coasters EssayPeople sometimes engage in activities and atomic number 18 unaware that such activity involves physics. Physics is all around. For instance, you may go to Six Flags and do not analyze how physics helps the machines you take in in operate. Have you ever asked yourself how a roll coaster flora? Would coil coasters safely run without the knowledge that physics offers us? The answer is no. Roller coasters are driven by physics it mobilizes and gives its riders amusement done compacts such as inaction, gravitation, and centripetal forces and utilizes different types of energies such as potential and kinetic readiness. Physics is what makes roller coasters safe and effective. It is not just the high zipper of the asks ofa roller coaster that makes the ride so thrilling but the acceleration of the train and the occasional feeling of weightlessness. At various times, roller coasters, or to a greater extent specifically the trains of thes e, undergo acceleration, which is outlined as the rate of change in velocity. The change may be in hotfoot (magnitude) or haveion, or in both. Roller coasters accelerate when they speed up and make the ride faster, slow down, or change direction.It decelerates as, for example, it ascends as if sack up a hill. In this case, acceleration is unfree on its stool and the other forces acting on it. It is the acceleration of roller coasters what makes the ride more thrilling and exciting. When move in a roller coaster a person may at some point feel weightlessness because they do not feel the chair they are sitting in as the roller coaster and yourself move vertically at 9. 8 m/sA2. Therefore, you encounter with Galileo and Newtons principle of free fall, an object moving under the influence of gravity only.Newtons laws of operation state that the sum of the forces acting on free-falling objects, gravitation and its inertia, equals to zero. Because these forces add up to zero as gra vity cancels out with the objects inertia, then the rider while riding in an arched path, in form of for example a parabola, feels weightless. This free-fall also occurs when the roller coaster is up high in the air and abruptly drops and accelerates to the ground. It is due to gravity, the Earths pull, only and therefore, as Newton proposed, even though some people weight more than other, they accelerate at the same rate.One of the most important and matter to parts of a roller coaster ride are its curves. When going through a loop, the track of the roller coaster exerts a centripetal force. Centripetal force is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. If you ever wonder how you go through a loop in a roller coaster without falling off, one of the reasons for this is centripetal force which holds the riders in their pose. It is a force that pulls you in the direction of the center of a circle when traveling in a circular course.Furthermore, roller coasters also have a rela tionship with inertia which also helps passengers stay in their seats and not fall off the train. inaction is the property of things to resist any changes in motion. For example, if an object is still then it will not move unless a force acts on it, the esistance of moving is considered inertia. This force presses each individual to the outside of the loop as the train twists upside down. Gravity is still pulling you toward Earth but acceleration force is more powerful than gravity at the top which also pulls you but in the opposite direction, upwards.Similarly, a moving roller coaster, as it is or force alters its speed or direction. The more mass the roller coaster has, the more inertia it has. Riders who frequently go to amusement parks and ride on roller coasters are ordinarily astonished by the fact that these do not have engines. Immediately, riders nquire, how does it stay on tracks, what makes it remain in motion, why we do not fall when glum upside down? Initially, the t rain of a roller coaster is only pulled up the first hill by a motor but after such action, it must finish the ride by itself.It is not a motor that is responsible for driving the roller coaster but rather the conversion of potential vigour to kinetic nix. The train gets the kinetic energy necessary for the entire ride from the first steep hill it goes down. Energy can never be created or destroyed, however, it is conserved through forces like gravity, which is known as conservation of energy. Kinetic and potential energy are the two most important types of energy that a roller coaster needs to function. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, the faster an object or something moves, the more kinetic energy it possesses.On the other hand, potential energy is defined as energy of position or stored energy. The roller coaster utilizes potential energy, which is dependent of the mass of the train and the height, when the motor lifts it up the hill and then, this transfers to kinetic ener gy when the roller coaster suddenly drops, gaining speed. Therefore, the sum of kinetic and potential energy forms the mechanical energy of he roller coaster, energy which is occasionally lost throughout the ride due to friction. Potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy at the beginning of the ride as the roller coaster undergoes its first descent.When the train of the roller coaster is at the blossom of the hill, it possesses a mass of potential energy and much less kinetic energy because it is at a high altitude and moves slowly. Conversely, when it is at the bottom, it has a lot of kinetic energy and less potential energy because it moves faster and is closer to the ground. Roller coasters get some of the potential nergy lost to kinetic energy when it starts elevating itself again to the top of the hill. This is a continuous process that the train repeats until it comes to rest.Isaac Newtons three laws of motion also relate to roller coasters. Newtons first law or t he law of inertia states that if an object is at rest it will remain at rest, and if an object is in motion it will continue with constant speed in a straight line unless an external force is exerted upon it. In a roller coaster, the outside forces exerted on the train of the roller coaster are the brakes or frictional force, which makes it slow down r decelerate. Newtons plunk for law states the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the net force applied.This is why when the train is going down a hill the speed is so high because of the amount of heavy mass the train carries such as the weight of each person. Therefore, it is state that F (force) = m (mass) * g (gravitational force). So the force that you encounter when going down the steep hill is equal to the mass of the train plus the mass of all the riders multiplied by the gravitational force, which is equal to 9. 8 m/s squared. Lastly, Newtons third aw states that when one body applies a force to an other body, the second body applies an equal and opposite force to the first body.This theory in practice is when, for example, you go through a curve and you feel and think that the seat you are in is pushing you, but similarly, you also do the same to the seat because you apply an Furthermore, roller coasters also encounter frictional forces. Friction is defined as a force that acts to resist the relative motion or attempted motion of objects or materials that are in contact. Friction is why the train of a roller coaster reduces peed as goes through the tracks it makes it harder for the train to roll.This is why as you can observe in an amusement park, the biggest and highest hills of a roller coaster are endow at the beginning of the ride and leave the smallest for last in order to keep the train moving. The frictional force of a roller coaster acts in direct opposition to the motion of it. There is friction in the wheels of the roller coaster, as it rubs with the tract it runs through, and in wind drag or air resistance and these are the reasons why mechanical energy, the sum of potential and kinetic energy, is dissolved s the ride continues, and even more at the end of the ride and affects its velocity.If there were no friction then the roller coaster would keep going without stop. Roller coasters are one of the most popular and thrilling rides in an amusement park. During a roller coaster ride, many physics concepts are present that makes the ride so fascinating. Roller coasters undergo acceleration, they transform potential energy to kinetic energy, Newtons laws of motion are upchuck in practice, friction resists its motion and it utilizes gravity and inertia. In short, physics works roller coaster.

Token Economies Essay Example for Free

Token Economies EssayA token saving is a behavior modification program based on operant conditioning principles. Token economies are nearly seasons successfully used in presentational settings, such as schools and psychiatric hospitals. People receive tokens for desir able demeanours such as getting out of bed, washing and cooperating. These tokens can be exchanged for rewards such as going for leave on hospital grounds, TV-watching time or exchange in the hospital shop for cigarettes or snacks. In a study carried out by Burchard and Barrera (1972) using a token economy system designed for the rehabilitation of mildly mentally ill young boys who displayed a high frequency of anti-social behaviour. Tokens were virtuallyly earned through achievement in the workshop and were exchanged for a variety of rewards, such as meals, recreational trips, clothes or purchases. A time-out procedure was also adopted where boys had to vex on a bench behind a partition, hence having time out from being able to receive reinforcers also a response flack procedure was employed during which reinforcers were removed, thus tokens were removed. Time out and deprivation of tokens occurred following swearing, personal assault, property damage or other undesirable behaviour, it was found that these things pent-up the boys bad behaviour, scarcely in some boys one and only(a) technique might be more effective than another. Behaviour modification is being applied to a whole variety of what are traditionally considered disturbed behaviours with good results.The main practical difficulties are being able to find suitable reinforcers and to apply the techniques constantly. both(prenominal) critics have suggested that behaviour modification may succeed in changing behaviours but not the processes that underlie them, and also that it could be used to t apiece that behaviour which best fits the demands of the institution rather than that which is in the individuals best interest . Using a Token economy system within an institution presents many difficulties, as ply have to ensure that reinforcement and removal of tokens must be consistent and fall aparte constantly.All round, be it day or night have to be fully involved, they also have to carry out their roles fully for such a programme to work. It only requires one staff member to fail at their task for the effectiveness of the programme to fail. Organising and carrying out such a scheme requires time and effective planning, it is an expensive and time consuming way to change behaviour, if some staff are not committed to the programme then it is likely fail. There is also no attempt to address the cause behind wherefore the children are trouble makers, and what might be a more dignified way of helping them.Who decides what is or is not acceptable behaviour, the staff within the institution not the individual children themselves. Such a scheme could be open to unlimited abuse. It is no coincidence that in some closed environments of hospitals and homes some staff members have been caught physically and mentally abusing defenceless people, a perfect example is that of Winterbourne hospital run by the Castlebeck group which featured on BBCs survey programme 31 May 2011 (http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20070437) a reporter went undercover and filmed shocking abuse carried out on the residents of the home. Following the investigation a number of staff have been charged and arrested for the abuse of vulnerable clients whilst in their care.Eye Movement Desensitization and Re treatA fairly new therapy is Eye act desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987, is a method that some therapists use to treat problems such as post traumatic line disorder, consternation attacks and more recently phobias. This give-and-take is a type of exposure therapy in which clients move their eyes back and forth while recalling memories that are to be desensitized. Many cri tics of EMDR claim that the treatment is no different from a standard exposure treatment and that the eye movements do not add to the effectiveness of the procedure. The treatment is fairly complex and includes elements from several different schools of therapy.The most unusual part of the treatment involves the therapist waving his or her fingers back and forth in motility of the clients eyes, and the client tracking the movements while focusing on a traumatic event. The act of tracking while concentrating seems to allow a different level of processing to occur. The client is often able to review the event more calmly or more completely than before.Strengths of the Behaviour ApproachThe major capability of the behavioural advent is that some disorders especially phobias do seem to be a result of faulty learning. The behavioural approach is better than the biological approach at explaining some disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is an anxiety disorder that oc curs in response to an extreme psychological or physical experience. At least some sufferers show anxiety reactions to stimuli which were present at the time of the trauma. A main strength of the behaviourist perspective has been the development of useful applications. One strength of the behaviourist approach is that it has successfully applied classical and operant conditioning to its theories.Systematic desensitisation is based on classical conditioning and is useful for treating phobias. some other strength of the behaviourist approach is that it uses scientific methods of research, which are objective, measurable and observable, such as Banduras bobo doll study of aggression. The behavioural approach offers actually practical ship canal of changing behaviour from for example therapies through to advertising. However at the same time this does raise an ethical issue as if the behaviourist perspective is able to control behaviour who decides which behaviour should be controlled or changed.Weaknesses of the Behaviour ApproachThe behaviourist approach to understanding supernormality is very reductionist as it reduces explanations for behaviour to simple reward and punishment. While some behaviours such as the acquisition of phobias, may be explained this way, in that location are many abnormal behaviours that seem to be passed on genetically, for example alcoholism, autism and schizophrenia and so it is difficult to explain them solely in terms of classical or operant conditioning. likewise in that respect are many disorders, for example depression, that seem to feature abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and so a biological explanation may be more sane than a simple behaviourist one.Behaviourism can explain the role of the media in the acquisition of certain abnormal behaviours. Anorexia has long been linked with the perfect torso image as portrayed in the media. People may learn to be anorexic through social learning by observing models and actress es, study about the diets they are on, and copying the behaviour they see. The majority of research into classical and operant conditioning has been conducted on animals. Aside from the possible ethical implications of animal research, there is also the issue of generalising findings from one species and applying them to another.Assumptions have to be made that at least some human physiology and psychology is the same as animal physiology and psychology, but clearly humans are different to animals. The behaviourist approach is extremely determinist because it states that a behaviour that has been reinforced will be carried out, and one that has been punish will not be carried out. However, humans clearly have a degree of free will and are able to decide when to carry out some behaviours and when to resist them. Cognitive theories of behaviour try to account for free will and decision making, and so it may be better to combine behaviourist and cognitive approaches when trying to exp lain abnormal behaviour.A further problem with the behavioural perspective is that many of the practical uses of the approach such as shame therapy and token economy systems when used as a way of changing behaviour do tend to be short lived. That is, they do change behaviour but often only for a limited time. The behaviourist model also struggles to explain why we acquire phobias for some objects or events quicker than others. In a modern world, fast cars, wintery conditions and using a mobile whilst crossing the road are far more threatening than spiders and snakes but we dont develop car phobia.The Biological ModelThe biological model aims to explain all behaviour and experience in terms of physical corporeal processes. For example, when you feel stressed this usually involves a sensation of your heart pounding, your palms being sweaty and so on. These are physical symptoms created by activation of the nervous system. Your experience of stress is caused by the biological processe s involved. The nervous system is divided into the key nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. The central nervous system comprises the wittiness and spinal cord, containing about 12 billion nerve cells or neurons.It explains behaviour in terms of the following assumptions1. Different areas of the brain are specialised for certain functions, the cerebral cortex covers the surface of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes with the most important being the frontal cortex or lobe, responsible for ne motor movement and thinking. Other lobes include the occipital lobe, which is associated with vision. Underneath the cortex there are various sub cortical structures such as the hypothalamus which integrates the autonomic nervous system and plays a part in stress and emotion.2. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that course of action the basis of the nervous system. The exibility of the nervous system is enhanced by having many branches at the end of each neuron called dendrites, so that each neuron connects with many others. One neuron communicates with another neuron at a synapse, where the message is relayed by chemical messengers or neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic vesicles in one neuron, and will either stimulate or inhibit receptors in the other neuron. The synaptic cleft or gap is about 20 nanometres wide. Some parkland neurotransmitters are dopamine which is associated with rewards and also schizophrenia, serotonin associated with sleep and arousal, epinephrine associated arousal and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) which decreases anxiety.3. Hormones are biochemical substances that are produced in one part of the body (endocrine glands such as the pituitary and adrenal glands) and circulate in the blood, having an effect on target organ(s). They are produced in large quantities but disappear very quickly. Their effects are slow in comparison with the nervous system, but very powerful. Examples of hormones include testosterone (a male hormone) and oestrogen (female hormone). Some hormones such as adrenaline are also neurotransmitters.The biological approach has become the most widely used form of treating mental unsoundness since the 1960s. The biological model takes the same approach as it does for physical ailments, and assumes that psychological problems have a physical cause such as genetics where the patient may have inherited the illness from his parents or run in the family, possibly through a rouge or bad gene. The model takes the approach as with other illnesses that physical disturbance will be required be it chemotherapy (drug therapy), ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) and previously surgery to treat psychological issues. Although the biological model focuses on internal, biological processes, it does not reduc e the possibility that the environment can have a role to play in abnormality.Biological TherapiesBiomedical therapies include chemotherapy (drug therapy), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery.Chemotherapy (drug treatment)The most widely used form of treatment available under biological therapies is chemotherapy (drugs) with almost 25% of NHS prescriptions being for drugs to treat mental disorders in the United Kingdom. It aims to treat psychological disorders with medications and is usually have with other kinds of psychotherapy. The main categories of drugs used to treat psychological disorders are antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Parents Need Help Essay Example for Free

P arnts Need Help EssayIn todays society parents are faced with a full of life parenting question that was non necessary 20 years ago which word picture farinaceouss should I let my clawren play? Parenting is tough enough without having to deal with a tike that gets upset because he nominatenot play a certain exposure game that all of his friends are playing. The values that children are raised to believe in are those of their parents, not those of the city, state or country they live in, and those family values are the most important values a child will learn. whatsoever real influential people in our society believe that the government should be able to dictate what a child is or is not allowed to play or watch. Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich believes that Parenting is hard work and the state has a compelling interest in helping parents raise their children to be upstanding men and women. (Whitehead, 2005). Some studies show that these idle and sexually explicit video games provide harmful effects ranging from health problems to violent bearing. (Rutgers University Law Newark, 2012).The completed studies and comments from government dischargeicials have genuinely informative information and hard evidence to support their statement of Parents Need Help. As detailed in many articles and polls, one of the major problems with parents allowing their child to play violent or sexually explicit video games is covered in a 2013 Harris Poll. The findings underscore the lack of awareness Americans have about the video game rating dodge, as well as confusion in the market, said Mike de Vere, President of Harris Poll. PRNewswire, 2013). If parents took the time to understand the video game rating system like they understand a movie rating, they would be better informed as to what separately game consist of. Parents have no problem letting a young child watch an R rated movie that shows violence and sexual activity, but if that same child is showi ng violent tendencies or sexual behaviors they are quick to blame video games for the behavior.Many American children spend a large amount of time playing video games. As a parent, you may be confused as to whether these games are beneficial or not (http//www. thefreelibrary. com, 2008). If a parent takes the time to review what each of the video game ratings are and what material will be in the video games along with reemphasizing family values there would be less political fierceness on parenting. There has been violent and sexual behavior from children in a ysfunctional and functional home, but if a parent takes the time to ensure their child understands the diversity between fiction (video games), reality (everyday life) and monitors their childs behavior less of these violent outburst would give-up the ghost. Movies provide the same access to violence and sexual behavior as video games do but there is no political agenda to ban movies that have a less restrictive rating syst em than video games.Parents need help restoring parental rights and help in stopping the government from taking over their parenting rights. When the government moves in and takes charge of everything that we as citizens can and cannot do, it provides todays children with the authority to disobey their parents because the government said something different. If the government wants to help, then they should start applying stricter fines on the video game manufacturers and the stores which sell the video games. arduous them with a fine and not imposing that fine when a manufacturer or retail store provides content to a minor, is allowing them to continue to profit off of children. Impose the fines and make it a stringent fine, at which point manufacturers and retailers would start adhering to the video game restrictions and responsibility would fall back to the parents of which games their children play. In closing, government officials should thin on raising their children and guid ing our country instead of worrying about how each individual raises their children.Acts of violence and sexual behavior will still occur whether children are playing video games or not they see it every day on television shows, cartoons, movies and in the news. Parents need to be more waking in monitoring what their children are doing, watching, and playing as well as ensuring that your family morals and values are upheld by each member of the family. If we do not accept the role of a parent then we cannot complain when the government decides what we as a society can and cannot do.

Comparison Between Sap And Oracle Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Sap And visionary Information technology EssayIn this report we have to discuss about the two ERP packages named sucker and Oracle. We atomic number 18 making this report as we have to purchase and follow out an ERP governing body into our organization. As we have to choose and use any genius of these two in our organization. So first we will discuss about what an ERP agreement is, what its comp one(a)nts are and why it is so much of importance now days. Then we will discuss about the two most dominant ERP vendors SAP and Oracle and antitheticaliate between them on the basis of some points like make up, which one is better to use, functions, occupations, technology platforms etc and fin on the whole toldy we will give conclusion about the likeness done and evaluate that which one is better and which one is to be implemented in the organization.Introduction Of The Report- first step resource planning (ERP) what does this mean, in a passagewayetic and simple way and by the name we can define it as planning done in an enterprise to manage the resources. ERP is a part of Enterprise management system (EMS). EMS is defined as a system which manages an enterprise by the use of various resources available to run a work. It has various components and ERP is one of the components. In EMS, ERP system plays an important role as the major decisions are taken through it. ERP system deals with the planning and use of resources in the agate line. The resources are finance, material, manufacturing, efficiency and human resources. The ERP provides, the methodology of accessing the resources need for a given business plan to achieve certain business objectives. It in any case helps to execute the plans, decisions and actions in the time funk manner. The ERP provides a support system in transaction process, updating and reporting various functions. The ERP is the main interface of the organization. The murder of most of the ERP packages begi ns with the definition of enterprise structure, authorities, functions, business process and business plans. The ERP solutions are available in unique platform and also in windows NT. The typical ERP package consists of the following modules- (Wailgum, 2011)Sales, merchandiseing and distribution.Manufacturing.Inventory management. violence management.Finance management.Purchase.Planning.Control.There are six system which together act as the support systems to the ERP, they are-Communication management system (CMS).Security management system (SMS).Electronic data interchange (EDI).CAD, CAM, CAE.Attendance management system (AMS).Document management system (DMS).Comparison Between SAP and Oracle As already discussed above that currently SAP and Oracle are the two most dominant ERP vendors in the market, so to direct any one of them we have to do a detailed study about each of them and compare the two on the basis of some characteristics and lastly evaluate that which one is best me et for our organization and implemented in it. We will analyze each of the harvest-feasts on the basis of business functions, technology platforms, cost, and ease of use.General functions and applicability-SAP is doing its business protracted than oracle as SAP was started long before and oracle is new in the market in comparison to SAP. In my view, erect industriousness-specific functionality is where the rubber hits the path as the hope of enterprise applications unfolds. The ability of an ERP package is to know and take the services of the one-on-ones and to build them check to their requirement into an application which is essentially customized according to the customer, for the individual business in the organization of that individual. This states that although a strong service infrastructure is needed, the vendors also need a large range of services with them to accumulate the yet the merrier. SAP takes advantage here as it has skill in 28 verticals and has the software functionality to prove. To make available all the functions as usable for future is one of the task of SAP and if it is done than it will built more customers and can have a bright future. On the otherwise side oracle provides functions that are deep vertical and have a partnering strategy, but this functionality is far behind the SAP functionality. So now oracle is trying to fill the blanks by having more partner products but still it is known that what the products will do and what are their applications we can say that SAP is at the advantage of the two. (SAP vs Oracle)Technology-Oracles applications are flexible and also configuration is possible, therefore its technology mound for its applications. Although the best of the solutions were there in the market but still oracle was able to embrace in the middleware market early on as company had strong middleware products. Also the oracle organization was working to simplify and to open its application architecture. Oracle provi ded a product which was slatternly to install and maintain for the customer which was its benefit. Also oracle is creating a unified data model. On the other hand SAP has five different data models for the customers to work on. If any organization motives a single source with SAP wherefore it has to build a data ware house. But oracle makes data warehouse optional for its customers which result in faster access to information.Cost-Total cost of ownership (TCO) comprises of technology, extensibility and implementation and ROI. Now the question is which is better, SAP or Oracle? As Oracles applications are extensible and flexible it lightens the want for customization. Due to customization deployments which are coming faster, and also due to lower consulting costs of the internal resources the business operations are becoming quicker. The effect of all these attributes results in a lower cost of ownership which everyone wants. As all these attributes are present in the Oracle techn ology so its cost is lower than SAP and non only the cost is lower but the average three year join cost of ownership of Oracle is 48% less than SAPs, which is a huge difference in the cost of the two.Ease of use-As we know that the ERP system monger satisfy all the customers, but due to flexibility of the applications of oracle it has attracted many customers and organizations towards it. Oracle also rises and has benefit in several areas like extensibility- web applications, work flow and reporting. The web applications of Oracle are so flexible that the companys IT department can personalize the web application. For an example a web application named iProcurement can be used in such a way that someone logging from any part may get the proper information which is suitable for them. peerless more example of Oracles web application is iExpense. With the help of this application many organization used it to modernize their business processes related to employee expenditure and rei mbursements. Also iExpense is an application which is simpler and easier to work than any SAP application.Evaluation and Conclusion-Here we will discuss that which is the better product of the two, some thinks that SAP is better but on the other hand many support Oracle. Both SAP and Oracle have some positive as well as negative points, so by evaluating the two we will finally conclude our report on the basis of some points-Which vendor to select-According to me Oracle is better than SAP, so one should select Oracle for the organization, as by studying the comparison above we can easily evaluate that oracle out beats SAP in all most all the fields. We discussed many characteristic of the two and finally we can say that Oracle is the better of the two and we should select Oracle to implement in our organization.Why to select Oracle, on what basis-Now as we have concluded that Oracle is better than SAP, so how we reached to this conclusion, what were the reasons. Some of the reasons a re that Oracle applications are easy to use and can be deployed successfully in short time frame. As discussed many times its application are highly flexible and configurable. SAP basically is an closed circuit and it is too massive to handle, on the other hand Oracle solution are user friendly and also software engineer friendly and also it is open and offers all the interfaces to many application, so it is at benefit in comparison with SAP. Also one of the main reasons is that the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Oracle is less than SAP and also working on Oracle applications is easier than working on SAP applications. The positive point for Oracle is that its implementation has taken less time and also at a lower cost. Oracle was established in 2004 and since 2004 it has occupied over 30 other companies as a part of its strategy. Also when customer review was taken then also the result was positive for Oracle and customer were satisfied with Oracle then SAP. Also the profit duri ng the past year has increased 33% for SAP which is far less than Oracle which is 47%. So we have seen both and finally we can say that Oracle have a better offering for its customer. (SAP vs. Oracle applications, 2011)Does size or domain influence the decision-No, according to me these factors are not of much importance that they will influence the decision to select the ERP package. Whether it is a small or large organization or it may be manufacturing industry or a service industry their working and aim is almost same. Everyone wants to have more profit, attract more customers, reduce its cost, want to satisfy the customer, and want to have easier work. These are the basic objectives of any firm or organization only they may differ in some extent but not much difference exists between them. SAP and Oracle applications are made in such a way that they are suitable for almost all the industries so size and domain doesnt matter in selecting the ERP package only the concern is taken on quality, cost, ease of use etc.We should choose a full ERP installation or we should pursue customizations from the vendor-According to it, if one has to select an ERP package one should opt for customization from the vendors rather than installation of the full ERP package. The reason for this is that if we go for a full ERP installation then we have to accept what that ERP package gives and offers us. It may have many things which we dont want or it might miss something which is infallible by us. Also we have to use it according to its manufacturer as he has designed it according to him and keeping the entire set of customers in mind. As the package is not made for an individual but for all the customers who can buy it so it will have the features and applications according to the common use of peck and not according to the specific use. But if we opt for customization from the vendors, than we have lots of benefit. As it is made according to the individuals choice, so one ca n make changes in it. He can add and delete application according to his use. It is made according to his specification and according to the need of the organization. Also its working is set according to what an organization want. So we can easily analyze hare that which one is better and we can say that customization from vendors is better than full ERP installation and the reasons for this we have already given above.

Malay Islamic Monarchy Philosophy

Malayan Islamic Monarchy PhilosophyThis essay exit discuss the topic culturally and politically. Brunei represents a fusion of Malay-Islamic values which makes it or so unique in Southeast Asia. The Sultan and his government have established a demesneal ideology, Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), referred to locally as Malay Islamic Monarchy. This ideology justifies preserving the out-and-out(a) monarchy and invokes Bruneis history and Islamic values in arrest of the Sultanate. Thus, an indivisible connection has been built between Malay ethnic identity, Islam and the Sultanate. As the dominant ideology, MIB permeates the small say of Brunei and governs institutional norms and behaviour.This essay will also address the above topic by initiative exploring the concept of Malay Islamic Monarchy Philosophy. Then it will forecast into the introduction of MIB then the culture of Malay Islamic Monarchy philosophy in relation to Royal Brunei Armed Forced (RBAF), which is divided into the e xplanations of Malay, Islamic and Monarchy. The essay will explain the purpose of MIB in RBAF and ends with a conclusion.CONCEPT OF MIBThe Sultans role is to preserve in the national philosophy know as MIB. Brunei is single of the oldest existing polities in Southeast Asia it has a rich historical heritage and the longest surviving sultanate in the region. Through the ages, Brunei acquired a wise sense in the use of worldwide diplomacy. The monarchy especially made effective use of this tool to steer the kingdom out of very tight situations and, in the process, has managed to save and preserve the identity of the acres to bring it to the status of a full sovereign nation. Bruneis government a traditional monarchy, is committed to the preservation of its peoples culture both religious (Islamic) and ethnic (Malay).Brunei Darussalam which sum in the Arabic term abode of peace undoubtedly recognize the reference to the religion of Islam. The term sultan is a traditional title, deriv ed from the Arabic articulate for authority, and used by monarchs in Islamic countries. Bruneis government now prefers the designation Malay Islamic Monarchy.THE INTRODUCTION OF MIBThe ruling monarchy is one of the oldest in the world. Historical records stated it back to the 14th century with ancient local Borneo culture heroes, including Awang Alak Batatar, who adopted Islam and became the first Muslim sultan of Brunei, Sultan Muhammad (reigned 1405-1415), and his brother, Patih Barbai, who became the second sultan, Sultan Ahmad (reigned 1415-1425), these heroes gave rise to the Barunay (Brunei) nobles. The tierce Sultan Sharif Ali, who was an Arab and said to be a descendant from the Prophet, consolidated the introduction of Islam in Brunei. From him be descended all subsequent Sultans. Ever since that period, the monarchy and Islam are closely linked.Brunei became a British protected state in 1888 and became internally self-governing afterward the promulgation of the consti tution in 1959. Upon independence, Brunei established its own defence mechanism force for the first time since 1881. There is no conscription enlistment in the RBAF is voluntary.The present ruler, His Majesty Sultan hadji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah who is the 29th descendent of this Islamic monarchy, officially proclaim the MIB philosophy on 1st January 1984, the day of Bruneis independence.The philosophy of MIB has been in existence as early as the 14th century when Bruneis king first reborn to Islam. MIB has since become the nations system of ruling, its way of life and form of Government.In 1990, a new state ideology was launched to promote the unity of the diverse groups within a plural society. MIB is based on the idea of Brunei as a traditional Malay state, a long-established Islamic state, and a monarchy. All the ethnic groups in the nation have always been under the authority and rule of the sultan.THE MALAY, ISLAMIC, MONARCHY PHILOSOPHY IN RELATION TO THE ROY AL BRUNEI ARMED FORCESMalaythe establishment of Askar Melayu does not mean we are ready to face a war crisis, but what made us establish Askar Melayu is only just one adequacy for a country need for a move towards knowledge, like what have been done by every and most of the developed countriesFormal speech by His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam 23 September 1961 at Istiadat Menghadap His Royal Highness 45th Birthday. Taken from Pelita Brunei dated 1 Jun 1994.Brunei Darussalam is a multiethnic society in which one ethnic group, the Barunay, has a monopoly of political power. About three-fifths of the population of Brunei is classified officially as Malay. This category, however, includes not only ethnic Malays but also a turn of the indigenous peoples, namely the Dusun, Belait, Kedayan, Murut, and Bisaya (Bisayah). Variations in tradition among other ethnic groups are not regional but cultural, social, and li nguistic. The remainder of Bruneis residents consists of other (non-Malay) indigenous peoples, such(prenominal) as the Iban (or Sea Dayak). Indigenous Muslims usually are referred to as Brunei Malays even if they are not native speakers of the Malay language. The official language is Malay, with English as a major second language. Bruneis population is predominantly Sunni Muslim, although some of the indigenous peoples are Christian, while others follow their own local religions.Defence force was first create on the 31 May 1961 known as the Askar Melayu Brunei (Brunei Malay Regiment). Due to its history, only Brunei citizens of the Malay ethnicity (Bumiputera) can enlist in the Royal Brunei Armed Forces. The Malay ethnicity comprises the Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun, Kedayan, Murut and Tutong indigenous races as defined in the Brunei constitution. Military service is not compulsory for any segment of the population and there is no military conscription in Brunei.IslamicBrunei pro claimed as an Islamic sultanate. In 1990 the sultan encouraged Bruneians to adopt MIB, the countrys official ideology. The movement, which celebrated traditional Bruneian values and called for to a greater extent rigid adherence to traditional Islamic principles, was viewed with anxiety by non-Muslims, particularly members of the Chinese community.The Sultan is head of the Islamic faith in Brunei with power on all Islamic matters. Religious education is compulsory for every Muslim people. It is the governments aspiration to make Islam a way of life for the people. The practice of other religions is to a certain extend freely allowed.A part of the regular military training men and women in the RBAF undergo, there are also other support services to ensure that military personnel office develop into well rounded personnel physically, mentally as well as spiritually. To this extent, Religious Unit plays a significant role in shaping the men and women in military uniforms into the desir ed form.RBAF Religious Unit was established on April 1, 2006. The aim of the unit was to compound spiritual knowledge in military personnel based on Islamic and MIB values. Soldiers were given an opportunity to improve their professionalism as a soldier and a productive citizen through services rendered by the unit, such as Islamic education and other religious services like counselling. The Religious Unit operates through a system that has been formulated through meticulous coordination, planning and implementation to produce highly compatible soldiers who go through an intense character development programmed based on Islamic virtues. The Royal Brunei Land Forces have helped the less fortunate in various programmed. The building of a house to ease a poverty stricken individual is a good example of benefits can be derived from the religious unit. RBAF continues to strive in community development based on the Islamic principle of seeking to help the less fortunate.The Religious Uni t was an instrument in delivering religious lectures in various workshops conducted throughout the year. Military personnel have helped religious officers within RBAF to deepen their religious knowledge to assists the RBAF community in areas such as counselling, performing the Haj, collecting zakat, maintaining RBAF staffs welfare and preparing an RBAF personnel torso during a funeral. Soldiers have benefited immensely from the Religious Units contribution by becoming more receptive of their roles as a guardian of peace and to themselves as individuals.MonarchyBrunei is a well-established Islamic monarchy, meaning that the supreme authority over the state is vested in the Sultan and that the principal organs of administration are under direct royal control. The Sultan is at the same time Head of State, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. This implies that he is the supreme commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces.In union with the 4th Anniversary of the Brunei Malay Regimen t on 31st May 1965, Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien Saadul Khairi Waddien granted the Royal title when the word Diraja (Royal) was added to the Brunei Malay Regiment and since then, the Brunei Malay Regiment changed its name to the Askar Melayu Diraja Brunei (Royal Brunei Malay Regiment).On 31st May 1966, the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was bestowed with the colours of Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Saadul Khairi Waddien a year after it was given the Royal title in the Royal influence Presentation Ceremony at Berakas Camp. The colour was green, with a background showing the symbol of a moon and a star at the piece of ass right, while at the above left is the personal emblem of Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Saadul Khairi Waddien.In lodge with the 10th Anniversary of Royal Brunei Malay Regiment on 31st May 1971, His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah, Sult an dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam bestowed another colour known as the Royal Colours at the Padang Besar, Bandar Seri Begawan. The Royal Colours is yellow embossed with His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulahs personal emblem at the bottom right whilst the symbol of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment is placed at the above left. With the bestowing of the Royal Colours, His Majestys colours were converted to the Units Colours.On 27th May 1978, in accordance with its 17th anniversary, His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam, granted to bestow the First and abet Battalion with two colours, namely the Royal Colours and the Units Colours. The ceremony took place at Padang Besar, Bandar Seri Begawan. The only difference between the two colours is the additional Roman letters I and II, symbolizing the First and Second Battalions Royal Brunei Malay Regiment.In 1981 the Womens Company (strength 250) was formed of which Her Royal Highness Pengiran Hajah Mariam became Colonel Commandant. In 1983, in the wake of Bruneis independence, the name Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was changed to Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei (RBAF). one time again, history was made with the bestowing of the new Royal Colour and Unit Flag on 12th July 1994 to the First, Second and Third Battalions of the Royal Brunei Armed Land Forces. The presentation of colours ceremony was officiated by His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam. The colours as a symbol and essence of heroic spirit and to founder to maintain the security and defend the sovereignty of Brunei Darussalam in accordance with the concept of Malay Islamic Monarchy.PURPOSE OF MIB IN RBAFThe introduction of the MIB concept in the RBAF is think to orientate education towards the development of a pool of manpower, skilled in many fields as well as aiming at ensuring a Bruneian identity, peace and security, and communal well-being in Brunei-Darussalam. The importance of MIB areTo encourage every personnel a mental outlook and attitude of life and such positive qualities of character as will enable the realisation of a society which is consistent with traditional Brunei virtues, such as strong religious faith, consignment to the Monarch and a desire for balanced progress and development.To transmit teachings which are consistent with national aspirations whereby the nation is seen as a MIB in which responsibilities are to be shouldered by all people at all levels of society, without regard to descent, beliefs, religious faith or traditional customs.CONCLUSIONThis essay has discussed the concept of MIB in Brunei in which it has a dynamic history which relates to the formation of this concept. His Royal Highness encourages his people to adopt MIB since it has become the nations system of ruling, its way of life and form of Government.The RBAF has been entrusted with the defence of an Islamic nation and the members of its forces are required to uphold the national concept of Malay Islamic Monarchy.

Stakeholders Involved in Decision Making

Stakeholders Involved in Decision MakingMitchelle MalijanIn every form _or_ system of regime making process, the elements involved, and the most engaged people ar those who are on the higher ranks of the organisational chart, such as the board of directors, managers, and supervisors. The reason for this is because another key factor in the approval of any policies is the monetary stock certificate or budget needed to execute such plan of action. In line with this, the budget is usually handled and managed by those who are in the higher grade of any organisation, thus giving them the power and influence over the whole system. However, it is always ideal to involve all the social functionicipating individuals, such as the provides and consumers as well in the making of any policy. This is because the employees are the ones who are in direct connection to the hassles that are identified which will be the foundation of the policy making procedure. Overall, the staffs doing most o f the jobs are the ones greatly affected by any problems recognised that is why it is really important for these group of people to be part of the decision making process in creating any policies.WorkplaceAny work place may be run by a potpourri of leading with different and diverse management styles. It depends on the type of company that they handle. However, the important thing in making decisions in the work place is the wellbeing of the staffs and employees. It is because these people are the ones who are in direct involvement to any work related issues in the company, even though the decisions are done by those who are in the higher rank in the office, like the directors, CEOs and the like.Due to this scenario, an appliccapable decision making simulation for this ill-tempered sphere of influence may be the Contingency Theory. Contingency theory states that a leader essential have a good relationship with his members. It also expresses that no fussy or specific style wi ll be perfect and always suitable for every organisation. These factors Leader-member relationship, his power and authority over the people, will make up for the favourability of any situation.1 At the end of the day, the decision to be done by the manager or leader will still depend whether his subordinates or staff will agree on it.GovernmentThe government is a group of leaders who are having influence or power over a particular assembly of people or community. This entails the idea that a leader must possess a quality of a good commander who is firm, strong, and determined save still must be able to communicate and listen well to his people who are under his authority. That is why a decision making model which may be applicable for this area is the Political Bargaining Model.The Political Bargaining Model states that every decision making process that is influenced by sure factors, like what the people or participants bargain, want and need in a particular scenario or environme nt. This model can be used in the government setting as the government, even though run by leaders, is still created by the people since they are the ones being managed and they are the ones who voted for those leaders to be in their position. So in the end, what matters most is the peoples consensus and decision. To make this simple, the leaders must serve these people who put them to the place where they are now. This is relevant though in a democratic government. Since the leaders in the government have the job and responsibility to maintain and unhazardousguard the welfare of their subordinates, they must be able to do what is best for them, and be flexible as much as possible to attend to their necessities and wants. In this system, collaboration and give and take actions between the members and the leaders are evident.Professional OrganisationsA professional organisation is defined as any group of individuals who are working in the same line of agate line or occupation.2 Thi s organisation, commonly not profit generating, aims to promote, enhance, and develop the existing performance or stove of practice of the profession that it is involved with. It also targets to protect and safe guard the welfare, safety, and interest of its members and stakeholders.3 Examples of these groups are organisations like the Nursing Council of New Zealand, Chartered Professional Engineers Council, and the like.In making decisions for the professional organisational setting, the organisational process model may be applicable. This is because the policy created by these bodies lies on the existing rules that each profession possesses. In addition to this idea, it is mentioned that a professional organisation, as the definition states, aims to improve and develop the scope of practice of the occupation it covers. Hence, the organisational process model of decision making is a suitable example and framework for this area of politics and policy that a wellness get by profes sional may be immersed with.An example for this can be the case of creating a policy to manage the working hours and shifts of nurses in hospitals and health care facilities. This proposal will rely on the existing fact of the working hours and schedules that a nurse have say for instance 40 hours per week and chemise from night to day duties. To reduce the risk for health hazards, stress, and fatigue for employees, some changes or adjustments will be recommended for this. Like giving allowance of around 9 hours for those nurses who will be shifting duties from night to day, or vice versa. In this recommendation, nurses will still be working on different shifts, as per demand in their profession, and also still get the same working hours required.CommunityA community is a small or large unit in the society that is composed of group of people who are sharing the same interests, pursuits, and goals in life. Any decisions that are to be done with regard to this circle must be benefic ial for the majority and their interest. Decisions must also be done in line with the current trends, situations, and circumstances. So, for this area, a suitable decision making pattern may be the Garbage Can Model.The Garbage Can Model is defined as the opposite of the rational decision making model, thus, leading it to the judgement that it may be disorganised and confusing as opposed to the other one. But, if looking deep into its meaning and context, the Garbage can model can be a sensible tool to solve issues in the community because it uses the four elements people or members, issues, the solutions, and the choices. By studying those four factors, decisions are being speculate in a practical way and less time consuming because the only needed things are taken into consideration. This scenario can be compared in an unavoidableness situation in an emergency department in the hospital. The decisions to be done by the health care professionals such as the doctors and nurses wi ll be just based on the clients condition and diagnosis (represents people and issues), the possible interventions that can be done to alleviate the pain or restore the ailment (solutions), and the choices (equipment and medications available). This way, resources are maximised and only the essential factors are considered. This is the reason why this model is suitable for the community setting since in this area, various issues may go up because of the number of people involved in this association, so a decision maker must be able to focus on one problem at a time, and lay down only the needed solution choices for such to avoid confusion and time wastage. fibresShpak, S. (2014). The Contingency Theory of Decision Making. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/contingency-theory-decision-making-44645.htmlReference for Business. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Professional-and-Trade-Organizations.htmlWikipedia Professional Organ isation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association123

Computer Viruses :: essays research papers fc

IntroductionIn the past decade, computer and networking technology has seen enormous growth. This growth however, has not come without a price. With the advent of the "Information Highway", as its coined, a new methodology in crime has been created. Electronic crime has been responsible for most of the most financially devastating victimizations in club. In the recent past, society has seen malicious editing of the Justice Department web page (1), unauthorized access into classified government computer files, phone mentality and credit card fraud, and electronic embezzlement. All these crimes are committed in the name of "free speech." These new breed of criminals claim that information should not be suppressed or protected and that the crimes they commit are really not crimes at all. What they choose to deny is that the nature of their actions are slowly consuming the fabric of our countrys moral and honourable trust in the information age.Federal law enforcemen t agencies, as well as commercial computer companies, have been scrambling around in an attempt to "educate" the general on how to prevent computer crime from happening to them. They inform us whenever there is an oncoming, provide us with mostly ineffective anti-virus software, and we are left speck isolated and vulnerable. I do not feel that this defensive posture is effective because it is not pro-active. Society is still being attacked by highly practiced computer criminals of which we know very little about them, their motives, and their tools of the trade. Therefore, to be effective in defense, we must understand how these attacks take place from a technical stand-point. To some degree, we must learn to become a computer criminal. Then we will be in a better position to defend against these victimizations that affect us on both the financial and emotional level. In this paper, we will explore these areas of which we know so little, and will also see that computers are really extensions of people. An attack on a computers vulnerabilities are really an attack on peoples vulnerabilities. Today, computer systems are under attack from a multitude of sources. These range from malicious code, such(prenominal) as viruses and worms, to human threats, such as hackers and phone "phreaks." These attacks target different characteristics of a system. This leads to the possibility that a particular system is more susceptible to trusted kinds of attacks. Malicious code, such as viruses and worms, attack a system in one of two ways, either internally or externally.